Alessandro Henrique da Silva Santos

Evaluation of preventive measures for mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil

INTRODUCTIONnThe main route of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children is from mother to child. The preventive measures established for the Aids Clinical Trial Group protocol 076 (ACTG 076) significantly reduces HIV vertical transmission rates. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the ACTG 076 protocol in the maternity units of State of Sergipe, Brazilian northeast.nnnMETHODSnThis is a descriptive, retrospective study with a quantitative approach, with HIV positive women and children exposed, attending a Maternity reference for high-risk pregnancies. Data were obtained from patient records registered in the years 1994 to 2010.nnnRESULTSnAmongst the 110 pregnant women and exposed newborns, the ACTG 076 protocol was fully utilized in only 31.8% of the participants. During the prenatal period, zidovudine (ZDV) was taken by 79.1% of the pregnant women. Only 49.1% of HIV seropositive patients used ZDV during delivery. Two (1.8%) children were considered infected and 50 (45.5%) do not have a conclusive diagnosis to date.nnnCONCLUSIONSnThere were significant deficiencies in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, including lack of compliance with the three phases of the ACTG 076 protocol; inadequacies in prenatal care; inappropriate mode of delivery and lack of adequate follow up of exposed children.

Estudo comparativo macroscópico dos defeitos osteocondrais produzidos em fêmures de coelhos preenchidos com gel de biopolímero da cana-de-açúcar

OBJECTIVE: To study the surface, coloring, consistency, continuity and healing of osteochondral defects produced in the femoral condyles of rabbits and filled with sugar cane biopolymer gel (SCBG), after 90, 120 and 180 days, and in comparison with a control group. METHOD: Sixteen adult New Zealand white rabbits aged 6 to 7 months, weighing between 2 and 2.5 kg and without locomotor system abnormalities were studied. In all the animals, a defect was made in the femoral condyles of the right and left knees, measuring 3.2 mm in diameter and 4 mm in depth, using a trephine. The animals were divided into two groups: study group formed by the right knees, in which the medial and lateral condyles received implants of SCBG; and control group formed by the left knees, in which the medial and lateral condyles were allowed to heal naturally. The knees were assessed 90, 120 and 180 days after the operation. After the animals had been sacrificed, the anatomical specimens were resected and placed in Bouins solution. They were then photographed with a Nikon Coolpix 5400® coupled to a Nikon SM2800® stereoscopic loupe, to analyze the surface, coloring, consistency, continuity and healing. RESULTS: The results were evaluated using the chi-square test. There were no significant differences in the macroscopic assessments of healing between the study and control groups. CONCLUSION: With regard to the surface, coloring, consistency, continuity and healing of the defects, the macroscopic appearance of the tissue repaired with SCBG was similar to that of the control group.

A comparative study of the areas of osteochondral defects produced in femoral condyles of rabbits treated with sugar cane biopolymer gel

PURPOSEnTo assess the histological response of damaged osteochondral tissue in the femoral condyles of rabbits after repairing the wounds with sugar cane biopolymer gel - compared to the control group.nnnMETHODSnThe study investigated 16 New Zealand rabbits, at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. In all the animals, a lesion of 3.2 mm in diameter and 4 mm deep was induced in each right and left femoral condyle. Each animal has provided both knees, divided into medial and lateral condyle, resulting in 64 samples. 32 knees were divided into two groups: Right knee, medial and lateral condyles, filled with biopolymer; Left knee, medial and lateral condyles, unfilled. The anatomical specimens were removed, and subjected to histological techniques and morphometric and statistical analysis.nnnRESULTSnIn all the periods of the group under study an inflammatory reaction mediated by giant cells and mononuclear cells was found, while in the control group there was early healing produced by fibroblasts and few mononuclear cells with statistical significance between groups.nnnCONCLUSIONnThe biopolymer gel caused an inflammatory reaction mediated by giant cells and mononuclear cells while the control group there was cicatrization mediated by fibroblasts.

Comparative macroscopic study of osteochondral defects produced in femurs of rabbits repaired with biopolymer gel cane sugar

Objective: To study the surface, coloring, consistency, continuity and healing of osteochondral defects produced in the femoral condyles of rabbits and filled with sugar cane biopolymer gel (SCBG), after 90, 120 and 180 days, and in comparison with a control group. Method: Sixteen adult New Zealand white rabbits aged 6 to 7 months, weighing between 2 and 2.5 kg and without locomotor system abnormalities were studied. In all the animals, a defect was made in the femoral condyles of the right and left knees, measuring 3.2 mm in diameter and 4 mm in depth, using a trephine. The animals were divided into two groups: study group formed by the right knees, in which the medial and lateral condyles received implants of SCBG; and control group formed by the left knees, in which the medial and lateral condyles were allowed to heal naturally. The knees were assessed 90, 120 and 180 days after the operation. After the animals had been sacrificed, the anatomical specimens were resected and placed in Bouins solution. They were then photographed with a Nikon Coolpix 5400® coupled to a Nikon SM2800® stereoscopic loupe, to analyze the surface, coloring, consistency, continuity and healing. Results: The results were evaluated using the chi-square test. There were no significant differences in the macroscopic assessments of healing between the study and control groups. Conclusion: With regard to the surface, coloring, consistency, continuity and healing of the defects, the macroscopic appearance of the tissue repaired with SCBG was similar to that of the control group.

Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of educational interventions for breastfeeding promotion directed to the woman and her social network.

AIMnThe aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of educational interventions focusing on women and their social network for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding up to the age of 6xa0months.nnnBACKGROUNDnDespite the advantages of breastfeeding and strategies available for its promotion, early weaning is common worldwide.nnnDESIGNnSystematic review and meta-analysis based on the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines.nnnDATA SOURCESnA search was performed in databases (LILACS, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science and Cochrane Library), reference lists and grey literature. There was no limitation on the studies year of publication.nnnREVIEW METHODSnJBI-MAStARI software were used. The meta-analysis was performed using Stata version 13·0. The effect was estimated by odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals.nnnRESULTSnOf 7201 identified studies, 11 made up the reviews corpus. Educational interventions were about twice as effective compared with routine interventions used in the control groups. It was evident that educational interventions have focused only on the woman and have not covered all five types of support she needs to breastfeed.nnnCONCLUSIONnEducational interventions were about twice as effective in promoting exclusive breastfeeding at 6xa0months old. There is a need for further studies applying interventions that address women and their social network from the prenatal period, considering all types of support.

Effect of the board game as educational technology on schoolchildren’s knowledge on breastfeeding

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the effect of the board game as an educational technology on schoolchildren’s knowledge on breastfeeding. Method: cluster-randomized clinical trial, held in nine schools, with 99 children in the third grade of elementary school (control group = 51 and intervention group = 48). The pretest was conducted in both groups; intervention consisted in the application of the educational technology immediately after pretest to the intervention group; and the post-test was applied on the 7th and 30th days to both groups. For the analysis of children’s knowledge on breastfeeding, we considered the pre- and post-test score means, using the Mann-Whitney test - for comparing the means between groups - and the Wilcoxon test - within the same group. Results: there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the pretest. In the follow-up, when comparing the groups, there were higher means in the intervention group, on the 7th (19.68 ±1.788) and on the 30th (20.16±1.260) days, with statistically significant difference. Within the intervention group, there was significant increase of the means in the pretest (15.89±3.082) for the 30th day (20.16±1.260). Conclusion: such educational intervention has significantly contributed to the increase in scores of children’s knowledge on breastfeeding for the intervention group. UTN: U1111-1184-7386.Martins FDP, Leal LP, Linhares FMP, Santos AHS, Leite GO, Pontes CM. Effect of the board game as educational technology on schoolchildren’s knowledge on breastfeeding. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2018;26:e3049 [Access ___ __ ____]; Available in: ___________________. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2316.3049. día mes año URL Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2018;26:e3049 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.2316.3049 www.eerp.usp.br/rlae

Risk of Surgical Site Infection in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty

The aim of this study was nto determine the participation of risk factors in the infection in patients who nunderwent total knee arthroplasty. This is a prospective longitudinal study, ndescriptive and analytical, that was carried out between January 2013 and nDecember 2015. Eighty-one procedures were performed in 78 individuals, 16 males nand 62 females. Three subjects underwent the procedure on both knees. The nfollowing predictive factors of infection were identified: Age, gender, ncomorbidities, evaluation of functional physical status using the American nSociety of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System (ASAPS), nlength of hospital stay, use of prophylactic antibiotics and duration of surgery. nThe data was tabulated in a database using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. For statistical analysis, the chi-square ntest, chi-square test for independence and Fischer’s exact test were napplied, all at a significance level of 5% (0.05). Surgical site infection was nmore prevalent in males (23.5%), age over 70 years (25.0%), for left ngonarthrosis (17.9%), in nthe presence of comorbidities (17.9%), when hospital stay was 6 or more days n(27.8%), in total arthroplasties of left knee (17,9%), in surgical times of up nto 2 hours (20%), in the use of prophylactic antibiotics (16.7%) and in level nII classification in the ASAPS (18.8%). The independence test was not nsignificant in any of the evaluated factors (p-value greater than 0.05). The most prevalent bacteria identified nin cases of infection was Staphylococcus naureus (33.2%). The risk factors studied were not statistically nsignificant.