Alex Harley Crisp

MUSCLE DAMAGE OF RESISTANCE-TRAINED MEN AFTER TWO BOUTS OF ECCENTRIC BENCH PRESS EXERCISE

Abstract Meneghel, AJ, Verlengia, R, Crisp, AH, Aoki, MS, Nosaka, K, da Mota, GR, and Lopes, CR. Muscle damage of resistance-trained men after two bouts of eccentric bench press exercise. J Strength Cond Res 28(10): 2961–2966, 2014—The present study tested the hypothesis that resistance-trained individuals would also show less muscle damage in the second than in the first eccentric exercise bout (i.e., repeated bout effect) as shown in untrained individuals. This study investigated changes in indirect markers of muscle damage after 2 bouts of free weight eccentric exercise performed by 8 resistance-trained men. The participants (24.4 ± 1.2 years) performed 4 sets of 8 eccentric actions (3 seconds for each repetition) at 70% of eccentric 1 repetition maximum (1RM) load in a bench press exercise with 2 minutes of rest between sets, and repeated the same exercise 2 weeks later. Bench press 1RM, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) assessed by a 6-point Likert scale, serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, and plasma prostaglandin E2 concentration (PGE2) were measured before and 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after the exercise, and the changes were compared between bouts. The changes in the variables were smaller (p ⩽ 0.05) after the second than the first bout indicated by a smaller decline in 1RM strength (first bout: −10.2 ± 1.0% vs. second bout: −5.7 ± 1.5%), peak DOMS (3.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5), peak CK (637.3 ± 133.3 vs. 305.4 ± 63.6 IU·L−1), and peak PGE2 (761.2 ± 171.0 vs. 307.2 ± 48.3 pg·mL−1). These results show a typical repeated bout effect. Thus, it is concluded that the repeated bout effect occurs in resistance-trained individuals.

Effect of High Intensity Interval and Continuous Swimming Training on Body Mass Adiposity Level and Serum Parameters in High-Fat Diet Fed Rats

This study aimed to investigate the effects of interval and continuous training on the body mass gain and adiposity levels of rats fed a high-fat diet. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups, standard diet and high-fat diet, and received their respective diets for a period of four weeks without exercise stimuli. After this period, the animals were randomly divided into six groups (n = 8): control standard diet (CS), control high-fat diet (CH), continuous training standard diet (CTS), continuous training high-fat diet (CTH), interval training standard diet (ITS), and interval training high-fat diet (ITH). The interval and continuous training consisted of a swimming exercise performed over eight weeks. CH rats had greater body mass gain, sum of adipose tissues mass, and lower serum high density lipoprotein values than CS. The trained groups showed lower values of feed intake, caloric intake, body mass gain, and adiposity levels compared with the CH group. No significant differences were observed between the trained groups (CTS versus ITS and CTH versus ITH) on body mass gains and adiposity levels. In conclusion, both training methodologies were shown to be effective in controlling body mass gain and adiposity levels in high-fat diet fed rats.

Micronutrient supplementation in gastric bypass surgery: prospective study on infl ammation and iron metabolism in premenopausal women

BACKGROUND Low-grade chronic inflammation in morbid obesity is associated with impaired iron metabolism. Bariatric surgery is effective in weight loss; however, it can induce specific nutritional deficiencies, such as iron, especially in premenopausal women. Alternatively, after surgery, there is an improvement in systemic inflammation, raising questions concerning the dosages of micronutrient supplementation. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the effect of two micronutrient supplementation schemes before and 6 months after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery on inflammation and iron metabolism in premenopausal women. METHODS This prospective study included 45 premenopausal women (aged 20-45 years; body mass index [BMI] ≥ 35 kg/m2) divided into two supplementation schemes: group 1 (n = 34): daily supplemental dose of 1 RDA 30 days before surgery and 2 RDAs during the six months following surgery; and group 2 (n = 11): daily supplementation of 1 RDA during the 6 months postsurgery. Anthropometry, dietary intake, inflammation, and iron metabolism were monitored. RESULTS Evident reductions in BMI, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and ferritin levels for both groups occurred 6 months after surgery. Additionally, anemia was 9% in both groups after surgery. However, group 1 exhibited an increased transferrin saturation index and reduced transferrin levels. Multivariate regression analysis suggested serum iron, hepcidin, and iron intake determined ferritin values before and after RYGB surgery. CONCLUSION Six months after RYGB, systemic inflammation was reduced in both supplementation schemes. However, supplementation of 1 RDA before and 2 RDAs after surgery resulted in better improvements on iron metabolism.

The Effect of Different Resistance Training Load Schemes on Strength and Body Composition in Trained Men

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of moderate-load (10 RM) and low-load (20 RM) resistance training schemes on maximal strength and body composition. Sixteen resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: a moderate-load group (n = 8) or a low-load group (n = 8). The resistance training schemes consisted of 8 exercises performed 4 times per week for 6 weeks. In order to equate the number of repetitions performed by each group, the moderate load group performed 6 sets of 10 RM, while the low load group performed 3 sets of 20 RM. Between-group differences were evaluated using a 2-way ANOVA and independent t-tests. There was no difference in the weekly total load lifted (sets × reps × kg) between the 2 groups. Both groups equally improved maximal strength and measures of body composition after 6 weeks of resistance training, with no significant between-group differences detected. In conclusion, both moderate-load and low-load resistance training schemes, similar for the total load lifted, induced a similar improvement in maximal strength and body composition in resistance-trained men.

Neuromuscular and Blood Lactate Response After a Motocross Training Session in Amateur Riders.

Background Motocross is one of the most popular motorized off-road sports, characterized by riding on irregular natural terrain of hard earth and/or sand with various obstacles throughout the course. Objectives This study evaluated the influence of a motocross training session on neuromuscular response and blood lactate in amateur riders. Patients and Methods Nine motocross riders (22.7 ± 2.8 years) participating in amateur competitions at the state level conducted a training session of 20 minutes duration at a motocross track (1.6 km) with a 250-cc four-stroke motorcycle. Metabolic demand was measured with blood lactate concentrations before and immediately, 3, 5, 8, and 10 minutes after the training session. To measure neuromuscular response, riders completed handgrip strength and horizontal jump tests before and 10 minutes after the training session. Student’s t-test and analysis of variance one-way repeated measures were used to compare the changes before and after the motocross training session. Results Significant decreases in handgrip strength were observed for both hands (left: P = 0.010 and right: P = 0.004). However, no significant difference (P = 0.241) in horizontal jump ability was observed. Significant blood lactate values were observed immediately (P = 0.001), 3 (P = 0.001), 5 (P = 0.001), and 8 (P = 0.01) minutes after training when compared to the value before training. The peak blood lactate value was 6.5 ± 2.7 mM at 8 minutes after the training session. Conclusions Amateur motocross riders had significant anaerobic metabolism demands and had reduced handgrip strength following a training session. These data suggest an importance of physical training aimed at improving anaerobic and neuromuscular performance of the upper limbs in amateur motocross riders.

Efeito do intervalo entre sessões de exercício de força sobre o desempenho neuromuscular

INTRODUCAO: O intervalo de recuperacao entre sessoes e uma variavel do treinamento de forca fundamental para garantir a recuperacao da capacidade neuromuscular.OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito do tempo de recuperacao entre sessoes consecutivas de exercicio de forca sobre o desempenho neuromuscular de homens treinados.METODOS: Oito homens treinados em forca (21,6 ± 3,3 anos; 75,1 ± 11,3 kg; 178,2 ± 6,8 cm) realizaram duas sessoes de exercicio de forca randomizadas e cruzadas, repetidas com intervalo de recuperacao de 24h ou 48h. As sessoes consistiram dos exercicios supinos reto, inclinado e declinado executadas em cinco series de 10 repeticoes com intensidade de 70% de uma repeticao maxima (1RM) para cada exercicio. O desempenho neuromuscular pos-sessao de exercicio (forca, potencia e velocidade), foi avaliado por meio de acelerometro (Myotest(r)), com carga de 50% de 1RM, no exercicio supino reto.RESULTADOS: Ambas as sessoes (24 e 48h) apresentaram reducao significante (P 0,05).CONCLUSAO: Os resultados sugerem que o intervalo de recuperacao de 24h e suficiente para a recuperacao do desempenho neuromuscular de membros superiores em homens treinados.

Effect of interval between strength exercise sessions on neuromuscular performance

INTRODUCAO: O intervalo de recuperacao entre sessoes e uma variavel do treinamento de forca fundamental para garantir a recuperacao da capacidade neuromuscular.OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito do tempo de recuperacao entre sessoes consecutivas de exercicio de forca sobre o desempenho neuromuscular de homens treinados.METODOS: Oito homens treinados em forca (21,6 ± 3,3 anos; 75,1 ± 11,3 kg; 178,2 ± 6,8 cm) realizaram duas sessoes de exercicio de forca randomizadas e cruzadas, repetidas com intervalo de recuperacao de 24h ou 48h. As sessoes consistiram dos exercicios supinos reto, inclinado e declinado executadas em cinco series de 10 repeticoes com intensidade de 70% de uma repeticao maxima (1RM) para cada exercicio. O desempenho neuromuscular pos-sessao de exercicio (forca, potencia e velocidade), foi avaliado por meio de acelerometro (Myotest(r)), com carga de 50% de 1RM, no exercicio supino reto.RESULTADOS: Ambas as sessoes (24 e 48h) apresentaram reducao significante (P 0,05).CONCLUSAO: Os resultados sugerem que o intervalo de recuperacao de 24h e suficiente para a recuperacao do desempenho neuromuscular de membros superiores em homens treinados.

Efecto del intervalo entre sesiones de ejercicio de fuerza sobre el desempeño neuromuscular

INTRODUCAO: O intervalo de recuperacao entre sessoes e uma variavel do treinamento de forca fundamental para garantir a recuperacao da capacidade neuromuscular.OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito do tempo de recuperacao entre sessoes consecutivas de exercicio de forca sobre o desempenho neuromuscular de homens treinados.METODOS: Oito homens treinados em forca (21,6 ± 3,3 anos; 75,1 ± 11,3 kg; 178,2 ± 6,8 cm) realizaram duas sessoes de exercicio de forca randomizadas e cruzadas, repetidas com intervalo de recuperacao de 24h ou 48h. As sessoes consistiram dos exercicios supinos reto, inclinado e declinado executadas em cinco series de 10 repeticoes com intensidade de 70% de uma repeticao maxima (1RM) para cada exercicio. O desempenho neuromuscular pos-sessao de exercicio (forca, potencia e velocidade), foi avaliado por meio de acelerometro (Myotest(r)), com carga de 50% de 1RM, no exercicio supino reto.RESULTADOS: Ambas as sessoes (24 e 48h) apresentaram reducao significante (P 0,05).CONCLUSAO: Os resultados sugerem que o intervalo de recuperacao de 24h e suficiente para a recuperacao do desempenho neuromuscular de membros superiores em homens treinados.

Número máximo de repetições realizadas por homens treinados em força: Efeitos da intensidade máxima de carga e escolha do exercício

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el numero de repeticiones maximas (RMS) realizado con una intensidad de 80% de una repeticion maxima (1RM) y el 80% de una repeticion maxima excentrica (1RMecc) para el ejercicio supino horizontal (SH) y rosca scott (RS). Quince hombres con experiencia en el entrenamiento de fuerza participaron en este estudio cruzado aleatorio. No hubo diferencia significativa en el numero de los RMs realizado a 80% 1RM (RS: 7,0±1,2 RMs e SH: 5,8±1,2 RMs) y 80%-1RMecc (RS: 6,0±1,1 RMs e SH: 5,4±1,1 RMs) para ambos ejercicios. No se detecto diferencia significativa en el numero de los RMs entre el ejercicio RS (80%- 1RM: 7,0±1,2 RMs and 80%-1RMecc: 6,0±1,1 RMs) y SH (80%-1RM: 5,8 ±1,2 RMs and 80%-1RMecc: 5,4±1,1 RMs) para ambas intensidades. En conclusion, el numero de RMs realizados por hombres entrenados en la fuerza no afecto la intensidad maxima de la carga basada en la accion muscular y la seleccion de los ejercicios.O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o numero de repeticoes maximas (RMs) realizadas com intensidade de 80% dos testes de uma repeticao maxima (1RM) e 80% de uma repeticao maxima excentrica (1RMecc) para os exercicios supino-horizontal (SH) e rosca-scott (RS). Quinze homens com experiencia em treinamento de forca participaram desse estudo randomizado cruzado. Nao houve diferenca significativa no numero de RMs realizadas a 80%-1RM (RS: 7,0±1,2 RMs e SH: 5,8±1,2 RMs) e 80%-1RMecc (RS: 6,0±1,1 RMs e SH: 5,4±1,1 RMs) para ambos os exercicios. Nao foi detectada diferenca significativa no numero de RMs entre o exercicio RS (80%-1RM: 7,0±1,2 RMs and 80%-1RMecc: 6,0±1,1 RMs) e SH (80%-1RM: 5,8 ±1,2 RMs and 80%-1RMecc: 5,4±1,1 RMs) para ambas intensidades. Em conclusao, o numero de RMs realizados por homens treinados em forca nao foi afetado pela intensidade maxima da carga baseada na acao muscular e pela selecao de exercicios.

El número máximo de repeticiones realizadas por hombres entrenados: efecto de la intensidad de carga máxima y la selección de los ejercicios

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el numero de repeticiones maximas (RMS) realizado con una intensidad de 80% de una repeticion maxima (1RM) y el 80% de una repeticion maxima excentrica (1RMecc) para el ejercicio supino horizontal (SH) y rosca scott (RS). Quince hombres con experiencia en el entrenamiento de fuerza participaron en este estudio cruzado aleatorio. No hubo diferencia significativa en el numero de los RMs realizado a 80% 1RM (RS: 7,0±1,2 RMs e SH: 5,8±1,2 RMs) y 80%-1RMecc (RS: 6,0±1,1 RMs e SH: 5,4±1,1 RMs) para ambos ejercicios. No se detecto diferencia significativa en el numero de los RMs entre el ejercicio RS (80%- 1RM: 7,0±1,2 RMs and 80%-1RMecc: 6,0±1,1 RMs) y SH (80%-1RM: 5,8 ±1,2 RMs and 80%-1RMecc: 5,4±1,1 RMs) para ambas intensidades. En conclusion, el numero de RMs realizados por hombres entrenados en la fuerza no afecto la intensidad maxima de la carga basada en la accion muscular y la seleccion de los ejercicios.O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o numero de repeticoes maximas (RMs) realizadas com intensidade de 80% dos testes de uma repeticao maxima (1RM) e 80% de uma repeticao maxima excentrica (1RMecc) para os exercicios supino-horizontal (SH) e rosca-scott (RS). Quinze homens com experiencia em treinamento de forca participaram desse estudo randomizado cruzado. Nao houve diferenca significativa no numero de RMs realizadas a 80%-1RM (RS: 7,0±1,2 RMs e SH: 5,8±1,2 RMs) e 80%-1RMecc (RS: 6,0±1,1 RMs e SH: 5,4±1,1 RMs) para ambos os exercicios. Nao foi detectada diferenca significativa no numero de RMs entre o exercicio RS (80%-1RM: 7,0±1,2 RMs and 80%-1RMecc: 6,0±1,1 RMs) e SH (80%-1RM: 5,8 ±1,2 RMs and 80%-1RMecc: 5,4±1,1 RMs) para ambas intensidades. Em conclusao, o numero de RMs realizados por homens treinados em forca nao foi afetado pela intensidade maxima da carga baseada na acao muscular e pela selecao de exercicios.