Alfredo Sampaio Carrijo

Resposta de suínos em crescimento mantidos em diferentes temperaturas

portuguesForam utilizados 24 suinos machos castrados, distribuidos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso composto por dois tratamentos e doze repeticoes, com o objetivo de avaliar o compor-tamento, respostas fisiologicas e o desempenho dos animais. As temperaturas medias do periodo experimental foram 21,5°C e 31,3°C, respectivamente, nos ambientes de conforto termico e de estresse por calor. Suinos sob estresse por calor permaneceram significativamente menos tempo na posicao em pe, mais tempo na posicao deitado, menos tempo no comedouro, mais tempo no bebedouro, mais tempo na posicao deitado no bebedouro e mais tempo dormindo em relacao aqueles mantidos sob conforto termico. Suinos sob estresse por calor apresentaram consumos de energia, proteina, lisina e racao, ganho de peso e conversao alimentar reduzidos e apresentaram menores pesos de orgaos, exceto do estomago, e frequencia respiratoria e temperaturas retal e de superficie aumentadas. Suinos sob conforto termico apresentaram maior eficiencia de utilizacao da proteina e energia e maiores deposicoes diarias de proteina e gordura na carcaca. Temperaturas que provocam estresse por calor afetam negativamente o comportamento de suinos em crescimento. EnglishWere used 24 castrated swine distributed in completely randomized design composed for two treatments and twelve repetitions, with the objective to evaluate the behavior, physiological responses and the performance of the animals. The average temperatures of the experimental period were 21.5°C and 31.3°C, respectively, in thermal comfort and heat stress. Swine under heat stress remain significantly little time in the position in foot, more time in the lying position, little time in the feeder, more time in the water through, more time in the lying position in the water through and more time sleeping in relation to those kept in thermal comfort. Swine under heat stress had presented energy, protein, lysine and ration intake, weight gain and feed: gain ratio reduced and had presented minor weight of organs, except of the stomach, and had presented increased respiratory frequency and rectal and surface temperatures. Swine under thermal comfort had presented greater efficiency of use of the protein and energy and greater daily protein and fat depositions in the carcass. Temperatures that provoke heat stress affects negatively the behavior of growing swine.

Níveis de ractopamina para suínos machos castrados em terminação e mantidos sob conforto térmico

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and the quantitative characteristics of barrows carcass maintained under thermoneutral environment and fed with diets containing different ractopamine levels. Forty-eight barrows were used, with initial weight of 67.0±2.7kg, distributed in a randomized blocks design with four ractopamine levels (0, 5, 10 and 20ppm) and six replicates with two animals each. The experimental period lasted 28 days. The average temperature recorded was 20.9±2.9°C, relative humidity was 86.7±7.3% and BGHI was 69.6±4.0. The final weight of the animals and feed intake were not influenced (P>0.05) by treatments. The ractopamine levels influenced (P 0.05) by treatments. It was concluded that the ractopamine optimal level of inclusion in the diet of barrows kept under thermoneutral environment is 20ppm.

Traceability of poultry offal meal in broiler feeding using isotopic analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of different tissues

Our goal was to trace the inclusion of poultry offal meal (OM) in diets by using carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) isotopic ratios of different tissues in order to contribute for the development of an independent technology for the certification of the feeding of broilers reared on diets with no addition of animal ingredients. Eighty one-day-old chicks were randomly distributed into five experimental treatments, that is, diets containing increasing levels of OM inclusion (0, 2, 4, 8 and 16% OM), with four replicates of four birds each. At 42 days of age, four birds per treatment (n=4) were randomly selected, weighed, and sacrificed to collect breast muscle (Pectoralis major), keel and tibia samples to determine their isotopic ratios (13C/12C e 15N/14N). It was observed that 13C and 15N enrichment increased as a function of increasing OM inclusion in all diets. The analyses of the Pectoralis major showed that that only treatments with 8 and 16% OM dietary inclusion were different form those in the control group (0% OM). On the other hand, when the keel and tibia were analyzed, in addition to 8 and 16% OM), the treatment with 4% OM inclusion was also different from the control group. The use of isotopic ratios of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes is an alternative to trace OM inclusion in broiler diets as it is capable of tracing OM levels below those usually practiced by the poultry industry in Brazil.

Studies on carbon-13 turnover in eggs and blood of commercial layers

This paper aimed at evaluating the influence of diets containing different isotopic values of carbon-13 turnover on the half-life of egg (yolk + albumen), yolk and albumen individually, and blood of poultry using δ‰ 13 C isotopic variation. Commercial layers fed four experimental isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets (RC 4 , RC 3 , RMC 4 and RMC 3 ) containing different isotopic values, during an experimental period of 56 days. Turnover of the studied tissues was influenced by the experimental diets. Blood and albumen were more influenced by dietary treatments as compared to egg and yolk. The RMC 3 diet induced better performance (better feed intake and higher egg production) due faster rate of carbon substitution than the RC 4 diet, and lower half-life for egg (yolk + albumen), yolk, and albumen.

Níveis de ractopamina para suínos machos castrados em terminação mantidos sob estresse por calor

Avaliaram-se o desempenho, as caracteristicas quantitativas de carcaca e as respostas viscerais de suinos machos castrados mantidos em ambiente de estresse por calor e alimentados com dietas suplementadas com ractopamina. Foram utilizados 48 animais com peso inicial de 67,3 ± 3,8 kg, distribuidos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro niveis de ractopamina (0, 5, 10 e 20 mg/kg), cada um com seis repeticoes de dois animais. O periodo experimental foi de 28 dias. A temperatura do ar foi de 31,8 ± 2,0oC, a umidade relativa foi de 72,6 ± 10,2% e indice de temperatura de globo e umidade (ITGU) de 82,7 ± 2,8. Os niveis de ractopamina nao influenciaram o consumo diario de racao, mas melhoraram a conversao alimentar e aumentaram o ganho diario de peso e o peso final dos animais. As caracteristicas quantitativas de carcaca nao foram influenciadas pelos niveis de ractopamina. Os pesos de figado e dos rins aumentaram de forma linear de acordo com os niveis de ractopamina nas dietas, ao passo que o peso dos demais orgaos e o comprimento do intestino delgado nao foram afetados pela suplementacao com ractopamina. O nivel otimo de ractopamina para melhor desempenho de suinos machos castrados sob estresse por calor e de 20 mg/kg e nao altera as caracteristicas quantitativas da carcaca.

Influence of diet on assimilation and turnover of 13C in the tissues of broiler chickens

1. The 13C turnover rates of the liver and thoracic pectoral muscle of growing broilers were determined by feeding diets with varying 13C content. 2. Male chicks (1-d-old) were subjected to treatments based on free choice of 5 different mixes of energy and protein sources from plants with C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways that had differing 13C content. Rice bran (R) and soybean meal (S) were the C3 sources, while maize (C) and maize gluten meal (G) were the C4 sources. Choices were R + S, C + G, R + G, C + S or R + C + G + S. The 6th treatment was a complete feed (CF) that was similar to a commercial broiler feed. 3. The isotopic composition of the birds’ tissues was representative of the isotopic composition of the diets. The assimilation was faster for C3, in both liver and muscle, than for C4 diets, and give the delta per mil difference between the diet and tissues. 4. The liver is the most active metabolic tissue and gave more rapid isotope turnover than in muscle.

Soybean Oil and Beef Tallow in Starter Broiler Diets

The objective of this study was to determine the energy values of soybean oil (SBO) and tallow (T) combined in different ratios, and to evaluate their effects on the performance, body composition, and serum lipid levels of starter broilers. In experiment I, a digestibility trial was performed to determine the energy value of the SOB and T mixtures using 100 12 - to 21 -day-old broilers. In experiment II, 930 one-day-old broilers were used. Treatments consisted of the inclusion of 4% SBO and T inclusions at the following ratios: 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0. Each treatment included six replicates. In experiment I, AME and AMEn linearly increased (P<0.01), as SBO participation in the mixture increased. In experiment II, the different lipid ratios quadratically influenced (P<0.01) body weight and weight gain at 21 days of age, increasing up to the ratio of 65.87:34.13. Serum lipids linearly decreased (P<0.05) as SOB inclusion in the diet increased. It was concluded that AME and AMEn of SBO and T at ratios of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 were 7.882 and 7.542, 8.384 and 8.076, 8.701 and 8.385, 8.801 and 8.727, and 9.478 and 9.271 kcal/kg, respectively. The best performance with no detrimental effect on carcass yield was obtained with the mixture of 75% SBO with 25% T. The highest dietary soybean oil level reduced serum lipid levels of 21-day-old broilers.

Métodos alternativos de restrição alimentar na muda forçada de poedeiras comerciais

Alternative methods were assessed of qualitative feed restriction compared to the conventional forced molt technique. Four hundred and eighty Babcock hens were used distributed in three levels of feed restriction (100, 75 and 50%) and three body weight reduction percentages (15, 20 and 25%), with five replications of 32 hens. When the birds reached the body weight reduction percentage the packed cell volume, percentages of ovary, oviduct, gizzard, intestine, abdominal fat and oviduct length were determined. Starting on day 28 and during five 28-day periods the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of production after forced molt were measured. The largest restriction period occurred at 50% of restriction that resulted in the smallest percentages of abdominal fat (0.66%), ovary (0.60%), oviduct (0.77%) and oviduct length (32 cm). The egg production percentage was higher in the first period, for the 75 and 100% restriction methods with up to 15 and 20% body weight reduction, respectively. However, for the birds with 50% restriction and 25% body weight reduction, the highest productions (86.80 and 83.20%) occurred in the 4th and 5th periods. Qualitative feed restriction at 50% of the diet with feed and rice hulls, because it was less aggressive, resulted in better welfare conditions and facilitated farm management.

Farelo da raiz integral de mandioca em dietas de frangos de corte tipo caipira

The aim this work was to evaluate cassava root meal inclusion levels in diets of free-range broiler chickens on performance, carcass yield, parts yield and functional properties of the meat. 384 male chickens of ISA S757-N strain (naked neck) were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatment and four replicates of 24 birds each. The treatments were 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% of FRIM (cassava root meal) in the total ration. The trial period was divided into three rearing phases: initial (1 to 28 days of age), growth (29 to 56 days of age) and fattening (57 to 84 days of age). Final body weight (PF), weight gain (WG), feed intake, feed conversion and liveability were evaluated. At 84 th day, carcass, breast, thigh + upper thigh, wing, back and abdominal fat yield were obtained. Breast meat was used to determi- ne the pH, water holding capacity (CRA) and cooking loss (PPC) too. The shank and breast skin color scores were determined by visual comparison. The results were submitted to analysis of variance, analysis of regression and averages were compared by Tukey’s test to 5% of probability. The analysis of variance found a significant difference between treatments for BW and WG, only at the phase of 1 to 28 days of age. There was a linear increased in BW and WG when the CRM inclusion level increased in feed. There were no significant differences between the treatments for the variables of carcass yield, cuts yield, pH, CRA and PPC. The use of FRIM in the diets of free- range broiler chickens promoted linear reduction in the shank and breast skin colors with the increase of the inclusion level of this ingredient in the feed. The FRIM can be used in the diets of free- range broiler chickens in the proportion of 60% of total ration without resulting in worst performan- ce, carcass yield, cuts yield and functional properties of the meat, however it promotes shank and breast skin no coloration.

Níveis de treonina digestível em dietas para fêmeas suínas lactantes de médio potencial genético

Seventy and six lactating crossbred sows of medium genetic potential with initial weight of 207.0 ± 32.0 kg and reproductive cycles order of 3.53 ± 2.11 were used to evaluate digestible threonine levels in the lactation phase. The animals were allotted to a randomized blocks experimental design with four treatments (0.589, 0.627, 0.665, and 0.703% of digestible threonine) and nineteen replications, in which each experimental unit was onsisted by a female. There was no effect of digestible threonine levels on the weight of sows at weaning time, fat thickness (FT) and corporal protein composition at weaning time. The loss of weight of the sows during the lactation reduced in a linear form with the increase of the digestible threonine level. There was no effect of digestible threonine levels on FT variation during the lactation, however affected the corporal protein mobilization that linearly reduced with the increase of the digestible threonine level. There was no effect of digestible threonine levels on feed intake, lysine and digestible energy, however, was observed linear increase of the intake of digestible threonine with its increase level in the diet. The digestible threonine levels did not influence the energy efficiency of the sows; weaning - estrus interval and the performance of the pigs and litters. Lactating sows of medium genetic potential require 0.589% of digestible threonine, corresponding to daily consumption of 28.5 g and a digestible threonine: digestible lysine ratio of 62%.