Aline de Freitas Brito

High-intensity exercise promotes postexercise hypotension greater than moderate intensity in elderly hypertensive individuals

To evaluate the effects of high‐intensity resistance exercise on postexercise hypotension (PEH) and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) in the hypertensive elderly.

Active intervals between sets of resistance exercises potentiate the magnitude of postexercise hypotension in elderly hypertensive women.

Brito, AF, Alves, NFB, Araújo, AS, Gonçalves, MCR, and Silva, AS. Active intervals between sets of resistance exercises potentiate the magnitude of postexercise hypotension in elderly hypertensive women. J Strength Cond Res 25(11): 3129–3136, 2011—Active and passive intervals (AI, PI) between exercise series promote different hemodynamic responses; however, the impact of these intervals on the blood pressure response has not yet been investigated. The objective of this study was to compare the impact of AIs and PIs during resistance exercises with the magnitude of postexercise hypotension (PEH). Elderly hypertensive women (n = 21, 61.2 ± 2 years of age) completed 4 sessions for upper or lower limbs with AI or PI (3 sets, 15 repetitions, 60% load of 15 repetition maximum (RM), and an interval of 90 seconds between sets). Blood pressure was measured 10 minutes before and at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes after the exercise sessions. The heart rate at the end of each AI was always significantly higher than that after the PI, but the perceived exertion as measured by the Perceived Exertion Scale (OMNI-RPE) was similar to that of PI exercise protocols. In the lower limb exercises, AI resulted in significantly and consistently higher PEH than in exercises with PI for both systolic (from 20 minutes postexercise) and diastolic (from 10 minutes postexercise) pressures. The upper limb exercises promoted much more discrete PEH in relation to the lower limb exercises, given that the AI promoted significantly higher PEH relative to the PI protocols, but only for systolic PEH and only from 30 minutes postexercise. This is the first time that AIs between sets in a session of resistance exercises have been shown to be a highly effective methodological strategy to increase PEH in elderly hypertensive women.

Resistance exercise with different volumes: blood pressure response and forearm blood flow in the hypertensive elderly

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two sessions of resistance exercise with different volumes on post-exercise hypotension, forearm blood flow, and forearm vascular resistance in hypertensive elderly subjects. Methods The study was conducted with ten hypertensive elderly (65±3 years, 28.7±3 kg/m2) subjected to three experimental sessions, ie, a control session, exercise with a set (S1), and exercise with three sets (S3). For each session, the subjects were evaluated before and after intervention. In the pre-intervention period, blood pressure, forearm blood flow, and forearm vascular resistance were measured after 10 minutes of rest in the supine position. Thereafter, the subjects were taken to the gym to perform their exercise sessions or remained at rest during the same time period. Both S1 and S3 comprised a set of ten repetitions of ten exercises, with an interval of 90 seconds between exercises. Subsequently, the measurements were again performed at 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 minutes of recovery (post-intervention) in the supine position. Results Post-exercise hypotension was greater in S3 than in S1 (systolic blood pressure, −26.5±4.2 mmHg versus −17.9±4.7 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure, −13.8±4.9 mmHg versus −7.7±5 mmHg, P<0.05). Similarly, forearm blood flow and forearm vascular resistance changed significantly in both sessions with an increase and decrease, respectively, that was more evident in S3 than in S1 (P<0.05). Conclusion Resistance exercises with higher volume were more effective in causing post-exercise hypotension, being accompanied by an increase in forearm blood flow and a reduction of forearm vascular resistance.

Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid Use Among Brazilian Bodybuilders

This cross-sectional, quantitative, exploratory study investigated the prevalence and profile of anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) users amongst a convenience sample of 510 bodybuilders from 52 gyms, in João Pessoa, Brazil, with a structured questionnaire containing selected questions about socioeconomic and training variables on the use of AAS. Data were analyzed using frequency and chi-square tests. AAS prevalence use was 20.6%; mostly young men (98.1%), of a low education level (46.7%), who trained for more than 4 years (49.5%). The use of AAS was related to the use of dietary supplements. About 81% of consumed AAS consisted of Deca-Durabolin, Winstrol, and Sustanon. Studys limitations are noted.

High-Intensity Resistance Exercise Promotes Postexercise Hypotension Greater than Moderate Intensity and Affects Cardiac Autonomic Responses in Women Who Are Hypertensive

Abstract de Freitas Brito, A, Brasileiro-Santos, MdS, Coutinho de Oliveira, CV, Sarmento da Nóbrega, TK, Lúcia de Moraes Forjaz, C, and da Cruz Santos, A. High-intensity resistance exercise promotes postexercise hypotension greater than moderate intensity and affects cardiac autonomic responses in women who are hypertensive. J Strength Cond Res 29(12): 3486–3493, 2015—The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity resistance exercise (RE) sessions on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cardiac autonomic modulation, and forearm blood flow (FBF). Sixteen trained hypertensive women (n = 16, 56 ± 3 years) completed the following 3 experimental sessions: control (CS), RE at 50% (EX50%), and RE at 80% (EX80%) of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Both EX50% and EX80% comprised a set of 10 repetitions of 10 exercises, with an interval of 90 seconds between exercises. Measurements were taken preintervention and postintervention (at 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 minutes of recovery). Reductions in systolic/diastolic BP after exercise were greater in EX80% (largest declines, −29 ± 4/−14 ± 5 mm Hg) than EX50% (largest declines, −18 ± 6/−8 ± 5 mm Hg, p ⩽ 0.05). Heart rate and cardiac sympathovagal balance (LF/HF) increased more in relation to pre-exercise values in EX80% than EX50% (largest increases 96 ± 3 vs. 90 ± 4 b·min−1, LF/HF = 1.77 ± 0.25 vs. 1.40 ± 0.20, respectively, p ⩽ 0.05). Increases in FBF and hyperemia was also higher in EX80% than EX50% compared with pre-exercise (4.97 ± 0.28 vs. 4.36 ± 0.27 ml·min−1·100 ml−1 and 5.90 ± 0.20 vs. 5.38 ± 0.25 ml·min−1·100 ml−1; p ⩽ 0.05, respectively). These results suggest that RE of higher intensity promoted greater postexercise hypotension accompanied by greater increases in FBF, vasodilator response, HR, and cardiac sympathovagal balance.

Intensity of swimming exercise influences aortic reactivity in rats

Exercise is known to cause a vasodilatory response; however, the correlation between the vasorelaxant response and different training intensities has not been investigated. Therefore, this study evaluated the vascular reactivity and lipid peroxidation after different intensities of swimming exercise in rats. Male Wistar rats (aged 8 weeks; 250-300 g) underwent forced swimming for 1 h whilst tied to loads of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8% of their body weight, respectively (groups G3, G4, G5, G6 and G8, respectively; n=5 each). Immediately after the test, the aorta was removed and suspended in an organ bath. Cumulative relaxation in response to acetylcholine (10−12-10−4 M) and contraction in response to phenylephrine (10−12-10−5 M) were measured. Oxidative stress was estimated by determining malondialdehyde concentration. The percentages of aorta relaxation were significantly higher in G3 (7.9±0.20), G4 (7.8±0.29), and G5 (7.9±0.21), compared to the control group (7.2±0.04), while relaxation in the G6 (7.4±0.25) and G8 (7.0±0.06) groups was similar to the control group. In contrast, the percentage of contraction was significantly higher in G6 (8.8 ±0.1) and G8 (9.7±0.29) compared to the control (7.1±0.1), G3 (7.3±0.2), G4 (7.2±0.1) and G5 (7.2±0.2%) groups. Lipid peroxidation levels in the aorta were similar to control levels in G3, G4 and G5, but higher in G6 and G8, and significantly higher in G8 (one-way ANOVA). These results indicate a reduction in vasorelaxing activity and an increase in contractile activity in rat aortas after high-intensity exercise, followed by an increase in lipid peroxidation.

Chronic aerobic swimming exercise promotes functional and morphological changes in rat ileum.

In the present study, we evaluated the influence of chronic swimming aerobic exercise on the contractile reactivity, lipid peroxidation and tissue morphology of small intestine from rats. We showed that, accordingly to the time of exercise, the rat ileum has its contractile reactivity reduced, in addition to the increased lipid peroxidation followed by its reestablishment to basal levels, as well as the augmented longitudinal smooth muscle layer thickness together with the reduced circular thickness.

A OBESIDADE LIMITA OS BENEFÍCIOS DO EXERCÍCIO NA REDUÇÃO DA PRESSÃO ARTERIAL EM HIPERTENSOS

Was investigated the influence of obesity on post-exercise hypotension (PEH) in hypertensive subjects. Sixteen mild aged women underwent an anthropometric evaluation and blood sampling for analysis of lipoproteins levels. Then held a session of aerobic exercise lasting 40 minutes and moderate intensity between. Blood pressure was measured before exercise, immediately at the end and at 10, 20 and 30 minutes of recovery. Was observed systolic PEH of -15.2, -9.5 and -1.7mmHg and diastolic PEH of -3.6, -1.5 and -3.4mmHg for the eutrophic, overweight and obese, respectively. Subjects with lower waist circumference had higher values of HPE (-17.2 and -7.2 mmhh) that subjects with larger circunferences (-0.3 and -1.8 mmHg) for systolic and diastolic PEH, respectively. We observed systolic and diastolic PEH of -16.5 and -4.7mmHg and -3.5 and -3.2 for normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic subjects, respectively. There was a significant difference in systolic HPE between groups with waist circumferences to 88cm and above 88cm, but the magnitude of the hypotensive differences in other variables are considered clinically important. Therefore, these data show that obesity and hypercholesterolemia, in addition to being a risk factor for hypertension, also limits the benefits of exercise in the hypotensive response in hypertensive. Abdominal fat is the main factor in this limitation.

Acute Aerobic Swimming Exercise Induces Distinct Effects in the Contractile Reactivity of Rat Ileum to KCl and Carbachol

Aerobic exercise promotes short-term physiological changes in the intestinal smooth muscle associated to the ischemia-reperfusion process; however, few studies have demonstrated its effect on the intestinal contractile function. Thus, this work describes our observations regarding the influence of acute aerobic swimming exercise in the contractile reactivity, oxidative stress, and morphology of rat ileum. Wistar rats were divided into sedentary (SED) and acutely exercised (EX-AC) groups. Animals were acclimated by 10, 10, and 30 min of swimming exercise in intercalated days 1 week before exercise. Then they were submitted to forced swimming for 1 h with a metal of 3% of their body weight attached to their body. Animals were euthanized immediately after the exercise section and the ileum was suspended in organ baths for monitoring isotonic contractions. The analysis of lipid peroxidation was performed in order to determinate the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a marker of oxidative stress, and intestinal smooth muscle morphology by histological staining. Cumulative concentration-response curves to KCl were altered in the EX-AC with an increase in both its efficacy and potency (Emax = 153.2 ± 2.8%, EC50 = 1.3 ± 0.1 × 10−2 M) compared to the SED group (Emax = 100%, EC50 = 1.8 ± 0.1 × 10−2 M). Interestingly, carbachol had its efficacy and potency reduced in the EX-AC (Emax = 67.1 ± 1.4%, EC50 = 9.8 ± 1.4 × 10−7 M) compared to the SED group (Emax = 100%, EC50 = 2.0 ± 0.2 × 10−7 M). The exercise did not alter the MDA levels in the ileum (5.4 ± 0.6 μ mol/mL) in the EX-AC compared to the SED group (8.4 ± 1.7 μ mol/mL). Moreover, neither the circular nor the longitudinal smooth muscle layers thickness were modified by the exercise (66.2 ± 6.0 and 40.2 ± 2.6 μm, respectively), compared to the SED group (61.6 ± 6.4 and 34.8 ± 3.7 μm, respectively). Therefore, the ileum sensitivity to contractile agents is differentially altered by the acute aerobic swimming exercise, without affecting the oxidative stress and the morphology of ileum smooth muscle.

O VOLUME DE EXERCÍCIOS RESISTIDOS INFLUENCIA A REATIVIDADE DA PRESSÃO ARTERIAL AO ESTRESSE

Introducao A hiper-reatividade da pressao arterial (PA) ao estresse pode estar associada ao desenvolvimento da hipertensao arterial. Porem a realizacao previa de exercicios fisicos tem se mostrado eficaz em atenuar esta elevacao da PA ao estresse subsequente. Objetivo Verificar o efeito do volume da sessao de exercicios resistidos (ER) sobre a reatividade da PA (RV) ao estresse induzido. Metodos Quarenta adultos jovens normotensos foram submetidos a tres sessoes experimentais em ordem randomizada: Sessao com 2 series de ER (S2); Sessao com 4 series de ER (S4); e Sessao controle sem exercicios (SC). S2 e S4 foram realizadas a 70% de uma repeticao maxima e compostas por seis exercicios com 10 repeticoes cada (intervalo de 90s entre series). Aos 10 minutos de recuperacao das sessoes experimentais, os voluntarios foram submetidos ao Cold Pressor Test (CPT), que e um protocolo de estresse no qual a mao direita e submergida em agua gelada (4 a 5o C) durante 1 minuto para determinar a RV. A PA sistolica (PAS), diastolica (PAD), media (PAM) e frequencia cardiaca (FC) foram mensuradas no repouso pre-sessoes experimentais (20 minutos) e imediatamente apos o CPT. Resultados Em resposta ao estresse induzido pelo CPT a FC nao diferenciou apos sessoes experimentais (SC: 98±9 vs. S2: 107±12 vs. S4: 113±13 bpm; P>0,05). Entretanto, apos a sessao de ER de maior volume, ocorreu atenuacao da RV na PAS (SC: 145±18 vs. S2: 142±16 vs. S4: 133±15 mmHg; P<0,05), PAD (SC: 96±13 vs. S2: 90±14 vs. S4: 86±12 mmHg; P<0,05) e PAM (SC: 89±10 vs. S2: 91 ± 5 vs. S4: 91±4 mmHg; P<0,05). Conclusao O maior volume (4 series vs. 2 series) na sessao de ER resultou em atenuacao da reatividade da PA frente ao estresse induzido.