Alisson Fernando Chiorato

Estabilidade de cultivares e linhagens de feijoeiro em diferentes ambientes no estado de São Paulo

The present study had the objective of a genotypic evaluation of common bean lines in the state of Sao Paulo. Genotypic values of the lines for each location and for the environment mean of all locations were predicted as well. Studies on the adaptability and stability of the predicted genotypic values were realized by the BLUP procedure. The cultivar Grauna and line GEN 96A31 presented an average superiority of 10% over the general mean of the 15 environments. These values were computed including the penalization of the lines for the instability across locations and simultaneously crediting the response capacity (adaptability) to improved environments, using intrinsic properties of the MHPRVG method (Harmonic mean of the relative performance of the genetic values). The methods MHPRVG, Lin & Binns and Annicchiarico selected the same lines. Moreover, the results provided by the method MHPRVG were in the same measurement scale of the evaluated trait and were directly interpreted as genetic values simultaneously, for yield, stability and adaptability.

Genetic gain in the breeding program of common beans at IAC from 1989 to 2007

The goal of the present work was to evaluate the genetic gain obtained in grain yield for the common bean genotypes from 1989 until 2007, at the Instituto Agronomico de Campinas, in the state of Sao Paulo. Genetic gain has been separated into two research periods; the first, from 1989 to 1996, and the second, from 1997 to 2007. In the first period, a genetic gain of 1.07 % per year was obtained, whereas for the second period, the gain was zero. However, the mean yield of the evaluated lines was approximately 1000 kg ha-1 superior to the figures obtained in the first period. The main cause for the absence of genetic gain in the second period is that the focus of the breeding program was changed to grain quality. The individualized analysis of the genotypes with carioca grains in the second period indicated the lack of genetic gain during the investigated period.

PERFORMANCE OF GINGER GRASS (Lippia alba) FOR TRAITS RELATED TO THE PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL

Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) is a shrub whose essential oil has important biological, pharmacological, and aromatizing properties. To reach the sustained cultivation of new species with economic potential, the present study aimed to evaluate L. alba performance for fresh leaf matter (FM), leaf dry matter (DM), virus symptoms (VS - Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), oil yield (OY), and oil chemical composition (OC), and to evaluate DM stability and adaptability. Ten genotypes of four chemical groups (chemotypes) were evaluated in six experiments designed as randomized blocks with two plants per plot, over the whole State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. A 2.0 x 0.4 x 1.6 m spacing was used in Monte Alegre do Sul and Pindorama, while a 1.0 x 0.4 x 0.6 m spacing was used in Campinas, where four experiments were established under different irrigation and fertilization conditions. The genotype effect was significant (p < 0.05) for all traits evaluated, with high leaf productivity of IAC-16 (citral chemotype), best OY means in the linalool and limonene/carvone chemotypes, and susceptibility of the latter chemotype to CMV. The genotype performance oscillations in the six environments were significant for FM and DM, and despite their significance for phytochemical traits (OY and OC), they were of low magnitude. No qualitative variation was detected for OC. The IAC-2 (linalool) and IAC-13 (limonene/carvone) genotypes showed high stability and wide adaptability, and are recommended to establish initial cultivations of this species. This research also indicated genetic sources to start Lippia alba genetic breeding programs.

Genome-Wide Association Studies of Anthracnose and Angular Leaf Spot Resistance in Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the world’s most important legume for human consumption. Anthracnose (ANT; Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and angular leaf spot (ALS; Pseudocercospora griseola) are complex diseases that cause major yield losses in common bean. Depending on the cultivar and environmental conditions, anthracnose and angular leaf spot infections can reduce crop yield drastically. This study aimed to estimate linkage disequilibrium levels and identify quantitative resistance loci (QRL) controlling resistance to both ANT and ALS diseases of 180 accessions of common bean using genome-wide association analysis. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was performed for the ANT and ALS experiments, with four plants per genotype in each replicate. Association mapping analyses were performed for ANT and ALS using a mixed linear model approach implemented in TASSEL. A total of 17 and 11 significant statistically associations involving SSRs were detected for ANT and ALS resistance loci, respectively. Using SNPs, 21 and 17 significant statistically associations were obtained for ANT and angular ALS, respectively, providing more associations with this marker. The SSR-IAC167 and PvM95 markers, both located on chromosome Pv03, and the SNP scaffold00021_89379, were associated with both diseases. The other markers were distributed across the entire common bean genome, with chromosomes Pv03 and Pv08 showing the greatest number of loci associated with ANT resistance. The chromosome Pv04 was the most saturated one, with six markers associated with ALS resistance. The telomeric region of this chromosome showed four markers located between approximately 2.5 Mb and 4.4 Mb. Our results demonstrate the great potential of genome-wide association studies to identify QRLs related to ANT and ALS in common bean. The results indicate a quantitative and complex inheritance pattern for both diseases in common bean. Our findings will contribute to more effective screening of elite germplasm to find resistance alleles for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.

Evaluation of the stability and adaptability of genotypes of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) through multivariate analysis of genotype performance

Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a estabilidade e a adaptabilidade de genotipos de feijoeiro, cultivados em diferentes ambientes, por meio da analise multivariada da performance genotipica, empregando-se os teores de agua, o valor proteico e os parâmetros de qualidade tecnologica dos graos (porcentagem de absorcao de agua antes e apos o cozimento, tempo de cozimento, porcentagem de graos inteiros, expansao volumetrica e solidos soluveis totais no caldo), em conjunto com a produtividade media dos genotipos cultivados em diversos ambientes, visando a identificar as linhagens e/ou cultivares mais estaveis e adaptadas para o conjunto de caracteres de importância para a cadeia produtiva do feijoeiro. Para tanto, foram avaliados 19 genotipos de feijoeiro pertencentes aos ensaios de VCU (Valor de Cultivo e Uso) 2005/2006/2007 de graos dos grupos comerciais carioca e preto para o estado de Sao Paulo. Os resultados obtidos pela analise multivarida para a o conjunto das tres epocas de semeadura reportaram o genotipo Gen 96A98-15-3-52-1 e a cultivar IAC-Alvorada como estaveis, responsivas a melhoria dos ambientes e tolerantes nos ambientes desfavoraveis. Por meio dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a analise de estabilidade e adaptabilidade multivariada proposta por Carneiro (1998), baseadas em Lin & Binns (1988), mostra-se eficiente e simples para a avaliacao do desempenho genotipico das cultivares, alem de apresentarem unicidade do parâmetro para estimar a adaptabilidade a ambientes favoraveis e desfavoraveis, e simplicidade na interpretacao dos resultados.

Prediction of genotypic values and estimation of genetic parameters in common bean

Dezoito genotipos de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) foram avaliados em 25 ambientes do estado de Sao Paulo durante os anos de 2001 e 2002. As estimativas de parâmetros geneticos por REML e a predicao de valores genotipicos via BLUP foram obtidas por meio do aplicativo computacional Selegen REML/BLUP, seguindo o modelo misto para linhagens. A estimativa da herdabilidade no sentido amplo para producao de graos foi baixa (0,03), por ser em nivel de parcelas individuais e livre dos efeitos da interacao com anos, epocas e locais. No entanto, a herdabilidade ao nivel de medias de linhagens ao longo dos varios ambientes foi alta (0,75), permitindo alta acuracia (0,87) na selecao de linhagens para plantio no ambiente medio. Dentre os 18 genotipos, nove apresentaram valores genotipicos preditos superiores a media geral. O ganho genetico predito com a selecao da melhor linhagem, no caso, a linhagem Gen 96A31 do IAC, foi de 16,25%.

Identification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) duplicates using agromorphological and molecular data

We used agromorphological and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular marker data to identify duplicate common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. Fabaceae) accessions in the Common Bean Germplasm Bank of the Agronomical Institute - IAC (Banco de Germoplasma de feijoeiro do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas (IAC), SP, Brazil). A total of 116 accessions with the same names and similar agromorphological traits was analyzed. The divergence between the accessions was initially evaluated by means of the agromorphological descriptors using single linkage clustering, from the Euclidean distance. Multivariate analysis identified four duplicate accessions (Carioca Lustroso, Bico de Ouro, Jamapa and Preto), with 17 other same-name accessions being suspected duplicates due to their low divergence levels. Accessions with low genetic distance values (indicating that they were duplicates) were further compared using RAPD markers which confirmed the results of the multivariate analyses in relation to the four duplicate accessions, although only two of the other 17 suspect accessions were confirmed to be duplicates, in this case of accessions IAPAR 57 and Sacavem. These results show that the combined use of agromorphological and molecular information allowed a better characterization of the acessions in the common bean Germplasm Bank.

Occurrence of Isoflavonoids in Brazilian Common Bean Germplasm (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is present in the daily diet of various countries and, as for other legumes, has been investigated for its nutraceutical potential. Thus, 16 genotypes from different gene pools, representing seven types of seed coats and different responses to pathogens and pests, were selected to verify their isoflavone contents. The isoflavonoids daidzein and genistein and the flavonols kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin were found. Grains of the black type showed the highest concentrations of isoflavonoids and were the only ones to exhibit daidzein. IAC Formoso, with high protein content and source of resistance to anthracnose, showed the greatest concentration of genistein, representing around 11% of the content present in soybean, as well as high levels of kaempferol. Arc 1, Raz 55, and IAC Una genotypes showed high content of coumestrol. The results suggest the use of IAC Formoso to increase the nutraceutical characteristics in common bean.

Estudo da estabilidade fenotípica de feijoeiro com grãos especiais

Obejtivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar os parâmetros de adaptabilidade e de estabilidade de linhagens e cultivares de feijoeiro, com graos especiais, por meio do uso do genotipo suplementar (GS) em analise AMMI (Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction). Foram utilizados dados de produtividade de graos de 14 genotipos de feijoeiro pertencentes ao ensaio de Valor de Cultivo e Uso (VCU), para o estado de Sao Paulo, referente as safras de 2005/2006/2007, semeados em 24 ambientes no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com tres repeticoes. Pode-se observar diferencas no comportamento dos genotipos em funcao do estimulo do ambiente, uma vez que a interacao genotipo x ambiente foi significativa. Para tanto os genotipos Gen 99 TGR 34-16 (epoca das aguas), Jalo Precoce e IAC - Centauro (epoca da seca), Gen 99 TG 28-68 e IAC-Centauro (epoca de inverno) e IAC-Boreal (conjunto das tres epocas) apresentaram-se estaveis, pois seus valores de escores foram proximos de zero. Em relacao ao conjunto das tres epocas de semeadura nao foi detectado nenhum genotipo proximo ao GS, no entanto os genotipos IAPAR-31 e IAC-Centauro (epoca da seca), Gen 99 TG 28-68 e IAC-Centauro (epoca de inverno) aproximaram-se desse ponto tendo como caracteristica o fato de interagirem com os ambientes de maneira mais favoravel possivel. Sendo assim, o metodo AMMI combinado com o uso do GS auxilia na identificacao de genotipos superiores.

IAC Formoso: new carioca common bean cultivar

The MAPA/RNC registered the cultivar IAC Formoso with carioca grain of the Instituto Agronomico IAC, in view of the high mean yield in 24 environments (approximately 2816 kg ha-1), resistance to anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and Fusarium solani, high grain quality and a cycle of 85 days from emergence to harvest.