Altina L. Nascimento

Teores de metais pesados no solo e em girassol adubado com lodo de esgoto

The aim of this study was to evaluate the contents of heavy metals in soil and in sunflower plants fertilized with sewage sludge. The experiment was conducted in Cambisol, during the period of April to September 2011. The treatments, distributed in a randomized block design with four replicates, corresponding to a treatment with chemical fertilization and five doses of sewage sludge, based on the N content in residue and N requirement of sunflower (0, 4.84; 9.68; 19.36 and 29.04 t ha-1, on dry weight basis). Zn levels in soil and plant were higher under the application of sewage sludge compared to treatment of chemical fertilizer. The application of sewage sludge increases levels of Cu, Ni and Pb in soil and has no influence on the levels of Zn, Fe, Mn, B, Cd and Crin this substrate. On the other hand, at the plant, with increased of sewage sludge dose, it was observed an increase in the levels of Zn, Cu, and Mn and reduction on Pb content.

Metais pesados em girassol adubado com lodo de esgoto submetido a diferentes processos de estabilização

O lodo de esgoto apresenta grande potencial para utilizacao agricola; entretanto, esta forma de disposicao final causa preocupacao uma vez que existe a possibilidade de insercao de metais pesados na cadeia alimentar. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar os teores de metais pesados no solo e na planta de girassol em resposta a adubacao com lodo de esgoto submetido a diferentes processos de estabilizacao. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Cambissolo Haplico com os tratamentos: testemunha (sem adubacao), adubacao com lodo de esgoto solarizado, adubacao com lodo de esgoto compostado, adubacao com lodo de esgoto vermicompostado, adubacao com lodo de esgoto caleado e adubacao quimica recomendada para a cultura. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 4 repeticoes. Independente da forma de estabilizacao, a aplicacao de lodo de esgoto nao influenciou os teores de Cu, Cr, Cd e Ni no solo porem aumentou os teores de Zn. A aplicacao de lodo de esgoto solarizado e de lodo de esgoto caleado aumentou os teores de Pb no solo; de modo geral, os teores de metais pesados na folha e no peciolo do girassol nao foram influenciados pela aplicacao de lodo de esgoto.

Produtividade de milho adubado com composto de lodo de esgoto e fosfato natural de Gafsa

The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield and concentrations of nutrients in soil and corn plant in response to fertilization with different doses of sewage sludge compost and Gafsa rock phosphate. The work was conducted at experimental area of the ICA/UFMG in a Haplic Cambisol. The treatments, in a factorial 2 x 4, corresponded to two rates of Gafsa rock phosphate (0 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four rates of sewage sludge compost (0, 25, 50 and 75 t ha-1, on dry basis). The experimental design was randomized blocks, with three replications. In general, the corn yield and the concentrations of macronutrients in soil and plant were not influenced by fertilization with Gafsa rock phosphate. However, corn yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sulfur concentration in the soil and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration in leaf increased with the addition of sewage sludge compost to soil, being the optimal recommended rate of 75 t ha-1.

Produção de milho adubado residualmente com composto de lodo de esgoto e fosfato de Gafsa

The aim of this study was to evaluate the residual effect of fertilization with sewage sludge compost and rock phosphate on the chemical properties of the soil, nutrient content in plant and corn yield. The study was conducted on Haplic Cambisol. The treatments, in a factorial 2 x 4, corresponded to two doses of Gafsa phosphate (0 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four doses of sewage sludge compost (0, 25, 50 and 75 Mg ha-1 dry weight basis). The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three replications. In general, the corn yield and content of macronutrients in soil and plant on the second crop of corn were not influenced by the residual effects of fertilization with phosphate rock. However, corn yield and nutrient content in soil and leaves increased with the dose of sewage sludge compost applied to the soil, and the dose of 75 Mg ha-1 was the one with the highest residual effect. The yield of corn was lower in the second successive cultivation, due to the impoverishment of the soil phosphorus and potassium, recommending new fertilization with sewage sludge in every cultivation.

Effects of soil attributes and straw accumulation on the sorption of hexazinone and tebuthiuron in tropical soils cultivated with sugarcane

Brazil is the largest sugarcane producer in the world in which hexazinone (3-cyclohexyl-6-dimethylamino-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione) and tebuthiuron (1-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea) are heavily used. Sugarcane harvesting is changing from the manual system with previous straw burning to the mechanized system without straw burning. The lack of burning results in soil organic carbon accumulation mainly in clayey soils, which should affect herbicides availability and fate. Therefore, we evaluated sorption of these herbicides in soil samples with and without straw burning. Both herbicides presented low apparent sorption coefficients (mean Kd,app= 0.6 and 2.4 L kg−1 for hexazinone and tebuthiuron, respectively), suggesting that they may leach to groundwater. Moreover, their sorption correlated primarily with soil organic carbon (SOC), but iron oxide contents extracted with ammonium oxalate (Fe2O3AOX) also affected it (Kd,app = −0.228 + 0.0397 SOC + 0.117 Fe2O3AOX for hexazinone and Kd,app = −1.407 + 0.201 SOC + 0.348 Fe2O3AOX for tebuthiuron). Soil organic carbon accumulation due to straw maintenance in the field positively affected sorption of both herbicides, but its effects were not enough to classify them as “non-leachers.”

Cobertura morta e adubação orgânica na produção de alface e supressão de plantas daninhas

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar os efeitos da cobertura do solo e da adubacao orgânica sobre a temperatura e a umidade do solo, a incidencia de plantas daninhas e a produtividade da alface. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial (3 x 3), em que o primeiro fator corresponde aos tipos de cobertura morta (capim tifton, capim napier e ausencia de cobertura) e, o segundo, aos adubos (esterco bovino, esterco de galinhas e ausencia de adubacao). Analisaram-se as variaveis temperatura e umidade do solo, o numero de folhas produzidas pela alface, as massas de materia fresca e seca da parte aerea, das plantas de alface e daninhas, e o levantamento fitossociologico das plantas infestantes. As plantas adubadas com esterco de galinhas apresentaram massas de materia fresca e seca superiores as das plantas nao adubadas. A cobertura morta com capim tifton proporcionou aumento da massa de materia seca das plantas de alface, o que pode estar relacionado com a menor temperatura dos canteiros que receberam esse material como cobertura. Commelina benghalensis foi a planta infestante mais importante no cultivo orgânico de alface. A aplicacao de adubos orgânicos e a cobertura morta com capins nao foram capazes de suprimir plantas daninhas e manter a umidade do solo, em areas de cultivo de alface.

Sewage Sludge Microbial Structures and Relations to Their Sources, Treatments, and Chemical Attributes

Sewage sludges generation and their disposal have become one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. They have great microbial diversity that may impact wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) efficiency and soil quality whether used as fertilizers. Therefore, this research aimed to characterize microbial community diversity and structure of 19 sewage sludges from São Paulo, Brazil, as well as to draw their relations to sludge sources [domestic and mixed (domestic+industrial)], biological treatments (redox conditions and liming), and chemical attributes, using molecular biology as a tool. All sludges revealed high bacterial diversity, but their sources and redox operating conditions as well as liming did not consistently affect bacterial community structures. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum followed by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; whereas Clostridium was the dominant genus followed by Treponema, Propionibacterium, Syntrophus, and Desulfobulbus. The sludge samples could be clustered into six groups (C1 to C6) according their microbial structure similarities. Very high pH (≥11.9) was the main sludge attribute segregating C6, that presented very distinct microbial structure from the others. Its most dominant genera were Propionibacterium > > Comamonas > Brevundimonas > Methylobacterium ∼Stenotrophomonas ∼Cloacibacterium. The other clusters’ dominant genera were Clostridium > > Treponema > Desulfobulbus ∼Syntrophus. Moreover, high Fe and S were important modulators of microbial structure in certain sludges undertaking anaerobic treatment and having relatively low N-Kj, B, and P contents (C5). However, high N-Kj, B, P, and low Fe and Al contents were typical of domestic, unlimed, and aerobically treated sludges (C1). In general, heavy metals had little impact on microbial community structure of the sludges. However, our sludges shared a common core of 77 bacteria, mostly Clostridium, Treponema, Syntrophus, and Comamonas. They should dictate microbial functioning within WWTPs, except by SS12 and SS13.