Amauri Schmitt

Perfilhamento, área foliar e produtividade do milho sob diferentes arranjos espaciais

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of plant spatial arrangement on maize tillering, leaf area, and grain productivity. The experiments were carried out in the spring/summer of the 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of four plant densities (three, five, seven, and nine plants per square meter) and three row spacings (0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 m). The leaf area index (LAI) and grain yield of hybrid P30F53 were assessed, as well as the tiller contribution to these characters. In 2007/2008, there was no water deficit, LAI values were higher than 7, and tillers contributed with 65% of total LAI at the lowest plant density. In this year, grain yield average (13.7 Mg ha-1) was not affected by treatments, and tillers contributed with 44% of total yield at the density of three plants per square meter. In 2008/2009, there was water deficit before flowering and during grain filling, which decreased tillering and tiller contribution to LAI. Grain yield in this year increased from 9.7 to 11.7 Mg ha-1 with increasing plant densities, but tiller contribution to grain yield was lower. Tillering increases phenotypic stability of grain productivity to variations in plant spatial arrangement.

Rendimento de grãos e margem bruta de cultivares de milho com variabilidade genética contrastante em diferentes sistemas de manejo

The optimization of maize production systems in southern Brazil depends on the adequate combination between genotype traits and the type of management system. This work was carried out aiming at evaluating the grain yield and gross income of maize cultivars with contrasting genetic variability at different management levels. The experiment was conducted in Lages, SC, using randomized block design with split-plots. Four production systems, equivalent to low (S1), medium (S2), high (S3) and very high (S4) management levels were tested in the main plots. The single-cross hybrid Pioneer 32R21, the double cross hybrid Traktor, and the open-pollinated variety BRS Planalto were assessed in the split-plots. The management systems differed in relation to the quantity and timing of fertilizer application, plant density, row spacing, and water irrigation. The trials were sown in 11/20/2002 and 10/22/2003, under the no-till soil tillage system. Regardless cultivar, maize grain yield and gross income increased with the enhancement in management level, ranging from 1,781 (S1) to 13,848 (S4)kg ha-1 and from 206,00 (S1) to 2,937,00 (S4)R

Rendimento de grãos de híbridos de milho em duas densidades de plantas com e sem a retirada dos perfilhos

ha-1, depending on the cultivar and growing season. The larger genetic variability of the cultivar BRS Planalto did not improve its grain yield when compared to the hybrids in S1. The hybrids were more productive and profitable than the open pollinated variety in S2. The use of a single-cross hybrid promoted the greatest grain yield and gross income in S3 and S4, showing that it is possible to match maximum technical and economic efficiency with a high yield plateau, as long as there is financial condition to invest in cultural practices that optimize maize agronomic performance and genetic potential to explore them.

A drenagem do solo no perfilhamento não estimula o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular do arroz irrigado cultivado no sistema pré-germinado

Maize does not have an effective mechanism to compensate empty spaces in the field. Therefore, tillering hybrids may be more efficient to use environmental resources, especially under low plant populations. This reserach was carried out aiming to evaluate the agronomic performance of maize hybrids grown at two plant densities, with and without tiller’s presence. The experiment was set in Lages, SC, Brazil, during the 2005/ 2006 and 2006/2007 growing seasons. Three hybrids were tested: AS 1560, Penta and P30F53. Each hybrid was evaluated at the densities of 4 and 7pl m-2, keeping tillers until harvest or removing them when the crop had nine expanded leaves. The percentage of plants with tillers at four growth stages, grain yield and yield components were assessed. Hybrids P30F53 and AS 1560 produced more tillers than Penta at the density of 4pl m-2. Tillers destiny did not affect grain yield during the first growing season. In 2006/2007 tiller maintenance promoted higher grain yield than tiller removal for all hybrids at the lower plant density. The results of this work showed that tiller removal does not enhance maize agronomic performance. Furthermore, they demonstrated that tiller maintenance may increase grain yield when maize is grown under low plant densities.

Perfilhamento como característica mitigadora dos prejuízos ocasionados ao milho pela desfolha do colmo principal

Even though it is not officially recommended by the research institutes, water removal at tillering is a management practice frequently used by pre-germinated rice growers in the State of Santa Catarina, aiming to stimulate root growth and to reduce plant lodging. A green-house study was carried out with the objective of evaluate the changes in root and shoot morphological traits promoted by soil drainage at tillering. The experiment was performed in the city of Lages, SC, Brazil. Four water management systems were tested: continuous flooding, water removal at tillering and re-flooding at 7, 14 and 21 days after soil drainage. Two cultivars were evaluated for each irrigation system: ‘Epagri 106’ (short season) and ‘Epagri 109’ (long season). The experimental units were 7kg pots disposed in a completely randomized experimental design. The experiment was installed on 09/24/2004, using pre-germinated seeds. The shoot parameters were determined 22 days after soil drainage, when all experimental units were re-flooded. The root parameters were determined after shoot harvesting. The root length, area, volume and dry matter were reduced with the increase in soil drainage period for both cultivars. The water withdraw at tillering did not affect shoot dry matter but it decreased the root/shoot ratio. The number of senesced leaves was higher and plant height was lower in the treatments with the longer drainage period than when the irrigation was continuous. Soil drainage at tillering does not seem to be an effective management practice to enhance root development in the pre-germinated rice production system.

A remoção dos perfilhos não aumenta o rendimento de grãos do milho, independentemente da época de semeadura

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se os perfilhos podem mitigar os prejuizos ocasionados pela desfolha do colmo principal em milho. Os experimentos foram implantados em Lages, SC, em 20/10/2006 e 31/10/2008. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas. Na parcela principal, foram testados dois destinos dos perfilhos: manutencao ate a colheita e remocao quando o colmo principal apresentava nove folhas expandidas (V9). Nas subparcelas, avaliaram-se quatro epocas de desfolha do colmo principal: V9, V15 (quinze folhas expandidas), VT (pendoamento) e folhas preservadas ate a colheita. Avaliou-se o hibrido P30F53, a densidade de 55 mil plantas por hectare. Determinaram-se: a produtividade total, a do colmo principal e a dos perfilhos. As desfolhas realizadas em V15 e VT diminuiram a produtividade, em comparacao ao tratamento sem desfolha, independentemente do destino dos perfilhos. Quando o milho foi desfolhado em V15 e VT, a produtividade total das parcelas em que os perfilhos foram mantidos foi maior do que daquelas em que eles foram removidos. Isto indica que os perfilhos foram beneficos ao colmo principal do milho, quando houve restricoes a producao de carboidrato oriundas da perda de area foliar proximo do florescimento.

Períodos de drenagem do solo durante o perfilhamento e características agronômicas de cultivares de arroz irrigado no sistema pré-germinado

Historically, tillers have been considered detrimental to maize because they do not produce ears and may act as sinks competing for carbohydrates with the main stem. This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the effect of tiller removal on maize grain yield at different sowing dates. The experiment was set during the 2006/07 and 2008/09 growing seasons. A randomized complete block design disposed in split-plots was used. Two sowing dates were tested in the main plots: second half of October (recommended) and second half of December (late). Four tillers fates were evaluated in the split-plots: tiller removal when the main stem had six expanded leaves (V6), nine expanded leaves (V9), fifteen expanded leaves (V15) and tiller maintenance until harvesting. Hybrid P30F53 was sowed at 55,000 plants ha-1, with a row spacing of 0.7m. The percentage of plants with tillers and the number of tillers per plant were higher when maize was sown in October than in December. There was no grain yield difference between treatments where tillers were preserved and those where they were removed at V6, V9 or V15, regardless of sowing date. Such behavior demonstrates that tillers are not sinks that compromise maize agronomic performance. Furthermore, tillers may contribute positively to grain yield when maize is sown in October.

DESEMPENHO AGRONÔMICO DE CULTIVARES DE MILHO EM QUATRO SISTEMAS DE MANEJO

The water withdraw is a management practice frequently used by rice growers in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The water removal aims at enhancing root development, to prevent lodging and to facilitate harvesting. On the other hand, water removal may stress the crop, reducing the number of tillers, decreasing the number of panicles per area and limiting grain yield. This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of different periods of soil drainage at tillering on the agronomic traits of rice cultivars with contrasting cycles. The experiment was set in Pouso Redondo, SC, during the growing seasons of 2004/2005 and 2005/2006. Four periods of water drainage were tested: no drainage, soil drainage at tillering and re-flooding at 7, 14 and 21 days after soil drainage. Two cultivars were evaluated for each irrigation system: Epagri 106 (short duration) and Epagri 109 (late duration). Grain yield ranged from 7.833 to 9.239kg ha-1 (2004/2005) and from 3.984 to 9.040kg ha-1 (2005/2006). The water management system at tillering did not affect grain yield, yield components and rice milling yield. High pluvial precipitation during the drainage periods prevented drought, mitigating the effects of water management system on rice grain yield. The cultivar differences in growth cycle did not impact their response to the water management system. Soil drainage periods up to 20 days at tillering do not reduce the pre-germinated paddy rice productivity.