Ana Carolina Amorim Orrico

Caracterização e biodigestão anaeróbia dos dejetos de caprinos

This study aimed quantify and characterize the manure generated by Saanen goats in four categories of age, fed with three diets and then promote the anaerobic digestion of the manures. Thirty six goats were used with ages between 2 and 4 (C1), 4 and 8 (C2), 8 and 12 (C3) and above 12 months (C4), fed with the diets 1 (D1: 80% forage (Fo) and 20% concentrated (Co)), 2 (D2: 60% Fo and 40% Co) and 3 (D3: 40% Fo and 20% Co). The daily productions of feces and urine and its contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were quantified. A mixture of feces and urine of all the categories of age was used; separated according to the diets, for the supply of batch digesters, with capacity of 4.0 liters of substrate in fermentation. The C1 presented smaller excretion (P<0.05) of feces (164.1 g of MS/animal per day) and the smallest food consumption (362.16 g MS/animal per day). The largest concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and K occurred in the feces and urine generated by goats of C4 and fed by D3. The prepared substrate with manures originating from of D3 presented 45% of reduction in the contents of volatile solids (VS). The prepared substrate with manures of animals fed with D3 produced more biogas (P<0.01) for kg of total solids and VS added.

Compostagem dos resíduos da produção avícola: cama de frangos e carcaças de aves

O proposito deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiencia do processo de compostagem no tratamento e na reciclagem dos residuos cama de frangos e carcacas de aves. Para tanto, o material foi disposto na composteira em camadas alternadas de cama de frango por 60 dias (pre- -compostagem), tempo necessario para que ocorresse a decomposicao previa das carcacas e assim fosse possivel manipular o material e confeccionar as leiras de compostagem. Posteriormente, o material pre-compostado foi transferido para o patio de compostagem, onde foram avaliados: peso, numero mais provavel (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, solidos totais (ST), temperatura, pH e os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn e Cu. Foram observadas reducoes elevadas de ST e principalmente de N, que durante a fase de compostagem chegou a 71,6% de perdas. Com relacao ao NMP de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, as reducoes chegaram a 100%. A compostagem de carcacas e cama de frangos demonstrou ser um metodo eficiente para o tratamento e o aproveitamento desses residuos.

Influência da relação volumoso: concentrado e do tempo de retenção hidráulica sob a biodigestão anaeróbia de dejetos de bovinos

The aim of this survey was to evaluate the possible alterations that exist in composition and in anaerobic biodigestion process of cattle manure in phase of slaughter and fed with different proportions of roughage: concentrate and with different times of hydraulic retention (THR). 24 batch digesters of bench with capacity of 12 liters, from which 12 were provided with cattle manure that were fed with diet 1 (60% roughage: 40% concentrate) and diet 2 (40% roughage:60% concentrate) and submitted to 30; 60; 90 and 120 days of TRH were used. The efficiency of anaerobic biodigestion process was evaluated by reductions of total solids, volatile solids; neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and the most probable number (MPN) of total and thermo tolerant coliforms, and production potential of biogas and methane were evaluated. Results showed that the increase of roughage proportion in diet conduced the smallest efficiency in the process, mainly in the production potential of biogas and methane, which were, in average, 13% smaller. Regarding to MPN of total and thermo tolerant coliforms, significative reductions as increased THR were observed.

Compostagem da fração sólida da água residuária de suinocultura

Avaliar o desenvolvimento do processo de compostagem utilizando como substrato a fracao solida da agua residuaria de suinocultura foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Para a obtencao da fracao solida, a agua residuaria de suinocultura foi submetida ao peneiramento, utilizando-se de peneira com malha de 1 milimetro. Apos separacao, a fracao solida foi utilizada para a confeccao de tres leiras de compostagem, em patio com piso de concreto e cobertura plastica. Durante a compostagem da fracao solida da agua residuaria de suinocultura, foram avaliados: temperatura, reducoes de solidos totais (ST), solidos volateis (SV), demanda quimica de oxigenio (DQO), carbono orgânico, materia orgânica compostavel (MOC), materia orgânica resistente a compostagem (MORC), numeros mais provaveis (NMPs) de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes, alem do volume e dos teores de nutrientes no composto. A compostagem mostrou-se eficiente no tratamento da fracao solida da agua residuaria de suinocultura devido a elevada minimizacao do poder poluente dos dejetos, observando-se reducoes de 71,24% nos teores de ST, 64,55% no volume, 56,89% no teor de DQO e 56,89% na MOC. Foram verificadas reducoes de 100% nos NMPs de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, o que possibilita seu uso como adubo orgânico.

Avaliação de parâmetros da biodigestão anaeróbia de dejetos de suínos alimentados com dietas à base de milho e sorgo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferencia da dieta a base de sorgo em substituicao a de milho na composicao e no tratamento dos dejetos. Foram utilizados 24 biodigestores batelada de bancada, dos quais 12 foram abastecidos com dejetos de suinos alimentados com dieta a base de milho, e o restante, com dieta a base de sorgo. A cada 30 dias foram esvaziados tres biodigestores dentro de cada dieta, em um total de quatro tempos de retencao hidraulica (TRH) 30; 60; 90 e 120 dias. Para avaliar a eficiencia do processo de biodigestao anaerobia, foram avaliadas as reducoes de solidos totais, solidos volateis totais, demanda quimica de oxigenio, demanda bioquimica de oxigenio, numero mais provavel (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, alem dos potenciais de producao do biogas e metano. Os resultados mostraram que os dejetos dos suinos alimentados com dietas a base de sorgo apresentaram menor eficiencia no processo, principalmente nos potenciais de producao de biogas e metano. Em media, os potenciais foram 8,6% menor (P<0,01) que os potenciais obtidos em biodigestores abastecidos com dejetos de suinos alimentados com dieta a base de milho. Com relacao ao NMP de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, apenas foram observadas reducoes significativas conforme aumentou TRH.

Produção animal e o meio ambiente: uma comparação entre potencial de emissão de metano dos dejetos e a quantidade de alimento produzido

O objetivo do trabalho foi efetuar a comparacao das principais especies de interesse agropecuario, em relacao a eficiencia de conversao das dietas em produtos de origem animal (carne ou ovo), producao de residuo e potencial de emissao de metano, a partir da fermentacao dos residuos. Para isso, foram selecionadas cinco especies de animais durante a fase de producao: 1) suinos, do nascimento ao abate (peso vivo (PV) final de 90 kg) ; 2) bovinos, do desmame ao abate (PV: 520 kg); 3) caprinos, do desmame ao abate (PV: 30 kg); 4) aves, durante toda a fase de postura (14,7 kg de ovos); 5) frango de corte, do nascimento ao abate (PV: 3,1 kg). Para a estimativa dos parâmetros propostos, foram medidos os dados do desempenho e efetuou-se a biodigestao anaerobia dos dejetos produzidos pelos animais. De maneira geral, os dejetos dos ruminantes apresentaram altas concentracoes de fibra e baixos potenciais de producao de biogas; no entanto, o menor desempenho destes animais na conversao do alimento em produto e a maior producao de dejetos fizeram com que eles apresentassem maiores producoes de metano por kg de alimento produzido.

Biodigestão anaeróbia dos dejetos da bovinocultura de corte: influência do período, do genótipo e da dieta

The objective of this study was to identify possible alterations in the composition and anaerobic biodigestion process of manure from Canchim and Nellore cattle in different periods in feedlot fed with different forage to concentrate ratios. The experiment was carried out in complete randomized design in factorial arrangement with time as sub-divided plot. Plots were established by four treatments: manure from two diets (40% forage and 60% concentrate and 60% forage and 40% concentrate) and two genotypes (Canchim and Nellore) and sub-plots by three periods of manure collection (initial, intermediate and final). The efficiency of the composting process was evaluated by reductions of total solids, volatile solids, the most probable number (MPN) of total and thermotolerant coliforms, chemical and biochemical demand of oxygen, besides the production and potentials of biogas and methane production. There was no effect of genotype or period on manure composting; however, the increase in the forage proportion in the diet promoted the lower efficiency of the process, in which an increase of 26.31% was found for the volume of methane that was produced with diet with 60% concentrate in relation to the diet with 40% concentrate. Significant reductions in MPN of total and thermotolerant coliforms were also observed at the end of the process, regardless of the treatment tested.

Biodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduos da produção avícola: cama de frangos e carcaças

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production of biogas, and the production potential, and quality of biofertilizer obtained from the anaerobic digestion of waste poultry litter and poultry carcasses pre composted. For this were pre composted poultry litter and carcasses of dead birds in a composter for a period of 60 days, time needed to occur prior decomposition of the carcasses and so it can manipulate the material to supply the biodigestor. After this period the material was used to supply the batch field biodigestor with a capacity of 60 liters of material in fermentation. For the process of anaerobic digestion tests were performed in the levels of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), chemical composition of effluent, and the most probable number (MPN) of total and thermotolerant coliforms in the influent and effluent. The potential average productions of biogas are: 0073, 0152, 0141m ³.kg-1 of material, VS and TS added, respectively. There were reductions of over 99% in NMP of total and thermotolerant coliforms, and observed MPN of 3.7 x 105.g-1 at the beginning and 7.45 x 102 g-1 at the end.

Alterações físicas e microbiológicas durante a compostagem dos dejetos de cabras

This work aimed at to evaluate the dry mass, volume and coliforms reductions during the composting of the manure generated by Saanen and F1 (Saanen Boer x) goats, fed with three diets (diet 1 = 80% forage (F) and 20% concentrated (C); diet 2 = 60% F and 40% C, and diet 3 = 40% F and 60% C). The largest reductions (P <0.05) of the amounts of dry mass occurred in piles formed with the manure generated by goats fed with diet 3 (56.2%), in relation to the manure produced when the animals consumed the diets 2 (44.5%) and 1 (40.6%). The largest average of the weekly temperature occurred in the first week in piles formed with goat manure that consumed diet 3. The originated piles of goat manure feed with diet 1 maintained the superior temperature for longer time (50.75 oC, in the third week), in relation to those originated from goats fed by diets 2 and 3 (45.90 and 42.00 oC, respectively, in the same period). The reductions of total and fecal coliforms were of 99.99% minimum. The volume reductions, in time function, generated quadratic equations in all the conditions.

Compostagem dos dejetos da bovinocultura de corte: influência do período, do genótipo e da dieta

The objective of this study was to identify possible alterations in composition and in the composting process of manure produced by Canchim and Nellore cattle in different periods of feedlot and fed different forage to concentrate ratios. The experiment was carried out in complete randomized design in factorial scheme with time as subdivided plot. Plots were established by four treatments: manure from two diets (40% forage and 60% concentrate and 60% forage and 40% concentrate) and two genotypes (Canchim and Nellore) and sub-plots by three periods of manure gathering (initial, intermediate and final). The efficiency of composting process was evaluated by reductions of volume, total solids, volatile solids, fibrous fraction, organic carbon and temperature, besides the most probable number of total and thermotolerant coliforms and contents of nitrogen and macro and micro minerals. There was no effect of genotype and period on manure composting; however, the increase in the roughage level in the diet promoted the lower efficiency of the process. Decrease of 100% in the most probable number of total and thermotolerant coliforms and increase in the nutrients content of the final compost were observed.