Ana Maria Almeida Carvalho

Cultura no grupo de brinquedo

This paper discusses the concept of culture in the context of playgroup microcultures. The child is viewed as an agent of culture creation and innovation, and the play group as a space of information where these processes occur. This view is based on the recognition of human species as biologically socio-cultural and on the assumption of precocious adaptations for this specificity. Episodes of free play activity among 10 to 60 month old children are analysed to detect the occurrence of creation, elaboration and transmission of cultural contents in child-child interactions, illustrating: (1) retrieval of the immediate social environments culture and exploration of new possibilities of using these resources; (2) creation of new ludic rituals which can become part of the groups microculture; (3) aculturation, that is, assimilation of aspects of the groups microculture. Data are interpreted as evidences of the human pre-adaptation to a socio-cultural way of living.

Análise qualitativa de episódios de interação: uma reflexão sobre procedimentos e formas de uso

O texto apresenta nossa experiencia sobre analise qualitativa de episodios interacionais de criancas em grupo. Focalizam-se diversos aspectos e etapas da analise qualitativa de episodios videogravados. Comenta-se, inicialmente, o recorte do fluxo de eventos gravados para selecionar material para analise, o recorte interno dos trechos ou episodios selecionados, a transcricao e analise de episodios. A seguir, explora-se, refletindo sobre a evolucao do trabalho e exemplificando com casos concretos, diversas formas de trabalhar qualitativamente com episodios, dependendo das perguntas focalizadas e dos objetivos da analise: visando o desenvolvimento de conceitos; visando a analise dos elementos componentes de um processo em foco; ou ainda, para ilustrar, empiricamente, um argumento. Essa diferenciacao resultou em outra: a reflexao sobre o nivel de detalhamento da descricao adequado a diferentes objetivos de analise e de comunicacao. Finalmente, apresentamos nossa experiencia em termos de maneiras de ilustrar visualmente dados qualitativos em apresentacoes escritas ou orais.

Crianças que cuidam de irmãos com necessidades especiais

This study analyzed situations in which a child shares part of the caretaking tasks required by a brother or sister with special needs. Mothers and child caretakers of 10 low-income families, in Salvador-Bahia, with a cerebral palsy child, were interviewed. Caretaking behaviors indicated by mothers and child caretakers, childrens participation in domestic tasks, and their leisure activities are detailed. The caretakers satisfaction/dissatisfaction and difficulties with their role, and their mothers and their own expectations for the future are described. The degree of responsibility attributed to the children is discussed. Limitations of the study and some possible directions of intervention for health professionals attending families in similar situations are pointed out.

Encontros com o outro: Empatia e intersubjetividade no primeiro ano de vida

L’observation d’un episode de soin entre deux enfants de moins de dix-huit mois est a l’origine d’une refl exion sur l’ontogenese de l’empathie. L’episode est decrit et, a la suite, on pose des questions theoriques relatives a certaines conceptions sur l’enfant et son processus de developpement, ainsi que sur l’ontogenese de la communication et de la vie culturelle. Sous cet angle, on propose une revue de la litterature consacree au developpement socio-affectif et cognitif au cours de la premiere annee de vie, a travers une perspective psycho-ethologique et socio-constructiviste, en soulignant la contribution d’Henri Wallon, en particulier trois concepts: l’intersubjectivite, l’empathie et l’imitation. Cette litterature depeint le nouveau-ne humain comme un etre biologiquement organise pour la vie socio-culturelle, dans laquelle il est plonge depuis sa naissance - ou meme depuis la conception - grâce a sa pre-organisation pour la rencontre avec l’autre et pour les echanges sociaux, conditions constitutives de son developpement individuel.The observation of a caretaking episode among two children aged 9 and 18 months has launched a reflection on the ontogeny of empathy. In this paper, this episode is described and some theoretical questions it evoked are raised, regarding conceptions about children and development, ontogeny of communication and cultural life. Subsequently, the literature on socio-affective and cognitive development in the first year of life is reviewed from the psychoethological and socioconstructivist perspectives, placing some emphasis on Henri Wallon’s contribution. Three concepts are highlighted: intersubjectivity, empathy and imitation. This literature depicts the human neonate as an organism which is biologically organized for socio-cultural life since birth, or even from the moment of conception, through its pre-adaptedness for encounters with other human beings and for social exchanges, which are constitutive conditions of individual development.A observacao de um episodio de cuidado entre duas criancas de menos de 18 meses de idade desencadeou uma refl exao sobre a ontogenese da empatia. Descreve-se o episodio e apontam-se questoes teoricas que ele suscita a respeito de concepcoes sobre a crianca e o processo de desenvolvimento, e sobre a ontogenese da comunicacao e da vida cultural. A seguir, reve-se, desse ângulo, a literatura sobre desenvolvimento socioafetivo e cognitivo no primeiro ano de vida, a partir das perspectivas psicoetologica e socio-construtivista, com alguma enfase na contribuicao de Henri Wallon, focalizando tres conceitos: intersubjetividade, empatia e imitacao. Essa literatura retrata o neonato humano como um ser biologicamente organizado para a vida socio-cultural, na qual esta imerso desde o nascimento – ou ate mesmo desde a concepcao – por meio de sua pre-organizacao para o encontro com o outro e para a troca social, condicoes constitutivas de seu desenvolvimento individual. Descritores: Empatia. Intersubjetividade. Imitacao. Bebes. Desenvolvimento humano.

O uso de entrevistas em estudos com crianças

This paper reports some experiences with the use of interviews with young children, and reflects on the usefulness and limitations of this technique. Interviews with children are relatively underexplored in the literature. In our own work, which is mainly based in direct observation, interviews were used as a complementary resource, for comparisons with observational data, in order to obtain qualitative data for further exploration or to answer certain types of questions. On the basis of these experiences, the paper was structured in the form of examples or cases, some of which highlight limitations or problems of the technique, and others present what we consider successful utilizations.

Educação infantil e psicologia: para que brincar?

Discute-se o lugar da brincadeira no curriculo da educacao infantil. A partir da nova LDB, coloca-se a tarefa de construir, ou reconstruir, em alguns casos, propostas de atendimento que contemplem as necessidades da crianca em desenvolvimento. A mudanca constitui um problema face a tendencia a aplicacao, por analogia, de um modelo de instituicao escolar a essa faixa etaria, evidente na organizacao do ambiente e das atividades proporcionadas a crianca. Questiona-se a visao da brincadeira como meio atraves do qual a crianca vai atingir objetivos escolares, representando uma visao de infância apenas como promessa de futuro, sem importância para o presente. Propoe-se uma orientacao para a educacao infantil que privilegie um conceito de desenvolvimento como adaptacao atual.

Padrões de parceria social e brincadeira em ambientes de creches

In an ethological perspective, patterns of social partnership and types of play are species-specific, which produces regularity and a certain degree of universality in the phenomena, although in interaction with actual environment conditions. How does the day care center environment affect these patterns? This study aimed at describing patterns of social partnership and kinds of play among 1-3 year old children, in different types of daycare centers.xa0 We observed 62 children, from public and private centers, during their daily play activities. Samples of the observations were categorized into the dimensions type of partnerships and type of play; frequencies were related with the variables sex, age, time in daycare center, type of daycare center and population density, through ANOVA and correlation tests. All the selected variables showed effects on some of categories of preference in partnership and kind of play. These results are discussed from the ethological perspective that attributes intrinsic motivation and sensitivity to environment conditions.

Vínculos e redes sociais em contextos familiares e institucionais: uma reflexão conceitual

This paper suggests a conceptual reflection on bonds and social network concepts. Four studies that use such concepts are synthesized and their convergences and divergences are discussed. Carvalho synthesizes studies on bonds in child-child interaction. Sampaio is concerned with bonds concerning homeless children and educators. Rabinovich reports observations of families in a Quilombola community. Bastos makes reflections on social network, based on the talks of some mothers during group meetings. The comparison between the studies mentioned, in terms of both concepts, that is, bonds or linkings and social network, shows the convenience of a clear explanation in relation to the meanings in each of the cases, so that the dialogue among different approaches on human relationships can be allowed.This paper suggests a conceptual reflection on bonds and social network concepts. Four studies that use such concepts are synthesized and their convergences and divergences are discussed. Carvalho synthesizes studies on bonds in child-child interaction. Sampaio is concerned with bonds concerning homeless children and educators. Rabinovich reports observations of families in a Quilombola community. Bastos makes reflections on social network, based on the talks of some mothers during group meetings. The comparison between the studies mentioned, in terms of both concepts, that is, bonds or linkings and social network, shows the convenience of a clear explanation in relation to the meanings in each of the cases, so that the dialogue among different approaches on human relationships can be allowed.

Olhares de crianças sobre a família: um enfoque quantitativo

The study investigated childrens conceptions of family. Participants were 120 boys and girls aged 5-12, from two Brazilian regions (Northeast and Southeast), two urban contexts (capitals and inland cities), and from upper middle and lower socioeconomic strata. Children were interviewed individually according to a semi-structured interview syllabus. The results showed that childrens conceptions of who belongs to the family do not reflect cohabitation, but, possibly, the degree of companionship with other relatives (grandparents, uncles and aunts, cousins); generation was a stronger differential than gender for the definition of fathers, mothers, siblings, grandfathers and grandmothers profiles; family was pictured as a basic need, locus of identity and belongness, but children find it difficult to define the concept. Methodological questions are discussed and directions for future research are pointed out.

Monitoramento e avaliação da pós-graduação: algumas reflexões sobre requisitos e critérios

A partir dos resultados de um levantamento sobre os primeiros 25 anos de funcionamento do programa de pos-graduacao em Psicologia Experimental do IPUSP (1974-1990), este trabalho discute algumas questoes que emergiram como relevantes para a reflexao sobre o monitoramento e avaliacao de cursos de pos-graduacao. A identidade do curso e discutida em termos de tematica, enfoque epistemologico e natureza da formacao oferecida; a dinâmica do curso e abordada atraves da consideracao da diversidade de fatores reguladores que a constituem, desde a disponibilidade de docentes, evolucao de areas de orientacao e pesquisa, demanda de alunos e outros, que se refletem nos ciclos de producao do programa, objeto principal dos procedimentos vigentes de avaliacao. E apontada a necessidade de auto-monitoramento do curso como instrumento para a validacao ou o questionamento de avaliacoes externas, e sugerem-se alguns criterios de avaliacao atualmente pouco contemplados, especialmente participacao de alunos na producao cientifica do programa, avaliacao do programa pelos alunos, e destino profissional dos titulados.