Anand Gopal

Cost-effective electric vehicle charging infrastructure siting for Delhi

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) represent a substantial opportunity for governments to reduce emissions of both air pollutants and greenhouse gases. The Government of India has set a goal of deploying 6–7 million hybrid and PEVs on Indian roads by the year 2020. The uptake of PEVs will depend on, among other factors like high cost, how effectively range anxiety is mitigated through the deployment of adequate electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) throughout a region. The Indian Government therefore views EVCS deployment as a central part of their electric mobility mission. The plug-in electric vehicle infrastructure (PEVI) model—an agent-based simulation modeling platform—was used to explore the cost-effective siting of EVCS throughout the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, India. At 1% penetration in the passenger car fleet, or ~10 000 battery electric vehicles (BEVs), charging services can be provided to drivers for an investment of

Key Factors Influencing Autonomous Vehicles’ Energy and Environmental Outcome

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Understanding fuel savings mechanisms from hybrid vehicles to guide optimal battery sizing for India

440/BEV) by siting 2764 chargers throughout the NCT of Delhi with an emphasis on the more densely populated and frequented regions of the city. The majority of chargers sited by this analysis were low power, Level 1 chargers, which have the added benefit of being simpler to deploy than higher power alternatives. The amount of public infrastructure needed depends on the access that drivers have to EVCS at home, with 83% more charging capacity required to provide the same level of service to a population of drivers without home chargers compared to a scenario with home chargers. Results also depend on the battery capacity of the BEVs adopted, with approximately 60% more charging capacity needed to achieve the same level of service when vehicles are assumed to have 57 km versus 96 km of range.

Improved heavy-duty vehicle fuel efficiency in India, benefits, costs and environmental impacts

Autonomous vehicles (AVs)—vehicles that operate without real-time human input—are a potentially disruptive technology. If widely adopted, there is the potential for significant impacts on the energy and environmental characteristics of the transportation sector. This paper provides an outline of key drivers likely to influence the magnitude and direction of these impacts. We identify three broad categories: vehicle characteristics, transportation network, and consumer choice. Optimistically, AVs could facilitate unprecedented levels of efficiency and radically reduce transportation sector energy and environmental impacts; on the other hand, consumer choices could result in a net increase in energy consumption and environmental impacts. As the technology matures and approaches market penetration, improved models of AV usage, especially consumer preferences, will facilitate the development of policies that promote reductions in energy consumption.

All Electric Passenger Vehicle Sales in India by 2030: Value proposition to Electric Utilities, Government, and Vehicle Owners:

Global transportation-related CO2 emissions are expected to substantially increase by 2050, with a majority of growth coming from rapidly developing countries like India. To understand the potential for using hybrid vehicles to limit the CO2 emissions growth, this paper compares driving conditions and the fuel savings potential of hybrids in the USA and India. It is shown that hybrids offer more fuel savings potential in India than in the USA, largely because of the limited highway driving in India. In order of relative importance, the analysis shows that fuel savings from power-split hybrids come from: 1) enabling higher efficiency engine operation; 2) energy recovered from regenerative braking; 3) engine shutdown. This understanding of the fuel savings mechanisms of hybrids and their relative importance is used in assessing how smaller battery capacities for hybrids in India can be used to reduce costs for this highly cost-sensitive market while preserving fuel savings. A parametric analysis of battery size on fuel savings mechanisms is carried out, and it is shown that hybrid vehicles for Indian driving conditions should ideally have a power capacity between 15 and 20 kW, with 10 kW as a lower limit.

The Transportation Leapfrog: Using Smart Phones to Collect Driving Data and Model Fuel Economy in India

The main objectives of this analysis are to examine the benefits and costs of fuel-saving technologies for new heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) in India over the next 10 years and, to explore how various scenarios for the deployment of vehicles with these technologies will impact petroleum consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over the next three decades. The study team developed simulation models for three representative HDV types—a 40-tonne tractor-trailer, 25-tonne rigid truck, and 16-tonne transit bus—based on top-selling vehicle models in the Indian market. The baseline technology profiles for all three vehicles were developed using India-specific engine data and vehicle specification information from manufacturer literature and input from industry experts. For each of the three vehicles we developed a comprehensive set of seven efficiency technology packages drawing from five major areas: engine, transmission and driveline, tires, aerodynamics, and weight reduction. Our analysis finds that India has substantial opportunity to improve HDV fuel efficiency levels using cost-effective technologies. Results from our simulation modeling of three representative HDV types—a tractor-trailer, rigid truck, and transit bus—reveal that per-vehicle fuel consumption reductions between roughly 20% and 35% are possible with technologies that provide a return on the initial capital investment within 1 to 2 years. Though most of these technologies are currently unavailable in India, experiences in other more advanced markets such as the US and EU suggest that with sufficient incentives and robust regulatory design, significant progress can be made in developing and deploying efficiency technologies that can provide real-world fuel savings for new commercial vehicles in India over the next 10 years. Bringing HDVs in India up to world-class technology levels will yield substantial petroleum and GHG reductions. By 2030, the fuel and CO2 reductions of the scenarios range from 10% to 34%, and at the end of 2050, these reductions grow to 13% and 41%. If we constrain the analysis to select the most efficient technology package that provides the fleets with payback times of 3 years or less, there are annual fleet-wide savings of roughly 11 MTOE of diesel and 34 MMT of CO2 in 2030, and this grows to 31 MTOE and 97 MMT by 2050.

AVOIDED ELECTRICITY SUBSIDY PAYMENTS CAN FINANCE SUBSTANTIAL APPLIANCE EFFICIENCY INCENTIVE PROGRAMS: CASE STUDY OF MEXICO

Author(s): Abhyankar, Nikit; Gopal, Anand R.; Sheppard, Colin; Park, Won Young; Phadke, Amol A. | Abstract: In India, there is growing interest among policymakers, planners, and regulators for aggressive electrification of passenger vehicles. For example, Piyush Goyal, the Minister of State for India’s Ministry of Coal, Power, New and Renewable Energy, announced an aspirational goal of converting all vehicle sales in India to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) by 2030 (Economic Times, 2016). In 2012, India has already announced the National Mission on Electric Mobility (NMEM) sets a countrywide goal of deploying 6 to 7 million hybrid and electric vehicles (EVs) by 2020 (DHI, 2012). A major policy motivation for transport electrification is to reduce India’s oil import dependency. The objective of this paper is to assess the effect of full electrification of vehicle sales in India by 2030 on the key stakeholders such as BEV owners, electric utilities, and the government. Specifically, we attempt to answer the following questions: (a) How does the total vehicle ownership cost of BEVs compare with the conventional vehicles? (b) What is the additional load due BEV charging? (c) What is the impact on the power sector investments, costs, and utility revenue? (d) How can smart BEV charging help renewable energy grid integration? (e) What is the impact on the crude oil imports? (f) What is the impact on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions?

Design of incentive programs for accelerating penetration of energy-efficient appliances

E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY The Transportation Leapfrog: Using Smart Phones to Collect Driving Data and Model Fuel Economy in India Anand Gopal, Laura Schewel, Samveg Saxena, Amol Phadke Environmental Energy Technologies Division May 2013 This work was supported by the Regulatory Assistance Project through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

Understanding the fuel savings potential from deploying hybrid cars in China

E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY LBNL Report AVOIDED ELECTRICITY SUBSIDY PAYMENTS CAN FINANCE SUBSTANTIAL APPLIANCE EFFICIENCY INCENTIVE PROGRAMS: CASE STUDY OF MEXICO Greg Leventis Anand Gopal Stephane de la Rue du Can Amol Phadke Environmental Energy Technologies Division March 2013 This work was funded by the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. Department of State, and administered by the U.S. Department of Energy in support of the Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD) initiative through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE- AC02-05CH11231.