André de Faria Pedroso

Fermentation and epiphytic microflora dynamics in sugar cane silage

Silagens de cana-de-acucar caracterizam-se pela extensa atividade de leveduras, alto teor de alcool e grandes perdas de materia seca - MS. Conhecer melhor o processo fermentativo e fundamental para o desenvolvimento de tecnicas eficientes de ensilagem da cana. Este trabalho avalia a mudanca temporal na composicao quimica, nas perdas de MS e na microflora epifita nestas silagens. Cana-de-acucar (RB835486) foi colhida manualmente (12 meses de crescimento), picada em picadora estacionaria e ensilada em baldes de plastico de 20 L com valvulas para gases e aparato para colheita de efluentes. Os silos laboratoriais foram mantidos sob temperatura ambiente e amostrados apos ½, 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, 45, 90, 120 e 180 dias. Etanol atingiu 6,4% na MS no 15o dia apos ensilagem, seguido pelo desaparecimento de 71% dos carboidratos soluveis - CHOs. As perdas gasosas e a perda total de MS estabilizaram-se apos 45 dias (16% e 29% da MS). A contagem de leveduras foi maxima no segundo dia (5,05 log ufc g-1). O pH atingiu nivel abaixo de 4,0 no terceiro dia. A producao de efluentes foi insignificante (20,1 kg t-1). O teor de MS da forragem decresceu (35% para 26%) do dia 0 ao 45o dia. O padrao de variacao na concentracao de etanol foi inverso a concentracao de CHOs e a reducao da digestibilidade da silagem. O desenvolvimento de metodos de controle das leveduras, provavelmente com o uso de aditivos, melhorara a eficiencia no uso de silagens de cana-de-acucar pelos pecuaristas.

Efeito do tratamento com aditivos químicos e inoculantes bacterianos nas perdas e na qualidade de silagens de cana-de-açúcar

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficacia de aditivos quimicos e inoculantes bacterianos na inibicao da producao de etanol, na diminuicao das perdas de MS e na melhoria da digestibilidade in vitro de silagens de cana-de-acucar. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos (doses com base na materia natural): sem aditivos - controle; UR - ureia (0,5; 1,0; 1,5%); NaOH - hidroxido de sodio (1,0; 2,0; 3,0%); PROP - propionato de calcio (0,05; 0,1; 0,2%); BENZ - benzoato de sodio (0,05; 0,1; 0,2%); SORB - sorbato de potassio (0,015; 0,03; 0,045%); PLA - Lactobacillus plantarum (1 x 106 ufc/g); BUCH - Lactobacillus buchneri (3,64 x 105 ufc/g); PLA/UR 0,5% - L. plantarum combinado com 0,5% de ureia; PLA/UR 1,0% - L. plantarum combinado com 1,0% de ureia. A ensilagem foi realizada em baldes plasticos de 20 L adaptados com valvulas para eliminacao de gases e dispositivo para coleta de efluentes. Os dados foram coletados aos 90 e aos 180 dias apos a ensilagem. Nenhum dos aditivos foi capaz de reduzir a concentracao de etanol nas silagens. Os tratamentos PROP 0,1% e PLA causaram aumento no teor de alcool em relacao a silagem controle (4,8 e 12,5% vs 3,8% da MS, respectivamente). Os tratamentos UR, NaOH, SORB-0,03%, BUCH, PLA/UR 0,5% e PLA/UR 1,0% reduziram a perda total de MS. As silagens tratadas com ureia, hidroxido de sodio, benzoato de sodio e sorbato de potassio 0,045% apresentaram maior digestibilidade in vitro da MS em comparacao a silagem controle.

Aditivos químicos e biológicos na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar: 1. composição química das silagens, ingestão, digestibilidade e comportamento ingestivo

The effect of the addition of additives in the ensiling of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) on chemical composition of silages, ingestive behavior, voluntary feed intake and digestibility by beef steers. Five rumen-cannulated Nelore steers were allotted to a 5 x 5 latin square design. The steers were placed in metabolic cages and they were fed with diets with 65% forage (%DM). Five silages were evaluated (wet basis): Control sugar cane, no additives; Urea sugar cane + 0.5% of urea; Benzoate sugar cane + 0.1% of sodium benzoate; LP - sugar cane inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum (1 x 106 cfu/g forage); LB sugar cane inoculated with L. buchneri (3.6 x 105 cfu/g forage). During 90 days, before the animal feeding, the forage was stocked in vertical silos. The chemical composition of sugar cane changed after the ensiling, as compared to fresh sugar cane, with reduction of water soluble carbohydrates and in vitro digestibility and relative increase in the NDF and ADF content. Ethanol (0.30% DM) and organic acids (0.99% of lactic and 2.31% of acetic acid) contents were low and similar among silages. The additives applied in the ensiling did not promote alterations in the voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of DM that showed average values of 7.2 kg/day and 63.6%, respectively. The ingestive behavior of the animals also was not altered, with average time spent in feeding, rumination and idleness were: 230.6, 519.6 and 672.8 minutes/day activities, respectively.So, the additives applied in the sugar cane forage resulted in slightly changes in most of the studied variables.

Fermentation, losses, and aerobic stability of sugarcane silages treated with chemical or bacterial additives

Utilization of sugarcane Saccharum officinarum L. silage is increasing in Brazil but intensive ethanol production during fermentation reduces forage quality. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of additives on fermentation and aerobic stability of sugarcane silages produced in minisilos. Treatments were (fresh basis): untreated silage (control), urea (5.0 g kg-1), sodium benzoate (1.0 g kg-1), potassium sorbate (0.3 g kg-1), Lactobacillus plantarum (1 x 106 cfu g-1), and Lactobacillus buchneri (3.64 x 105 cfu g-1). At the 94th day after ensilage, ethanol concentration was lower in urea, benzoate, sorbate and L. buchneri supplemented silages and higher in L. plantarum inoculated silage, as compared to control. Urea and benzoate treated silages showed the highest and L. plantarum treated silage the lowest in vitro dry matter digestibility. Effluent production was higher in the urea treated silage. Inoculation with L. buchneri reduced 50% ethanol production as compared to control. Urea and L. buchneri reduced yeast count. Aerobic stability was enhanced by L. buchneri and benzoate. Sodium benzoate and L. buchneri were the most promising additives, improving both silage fermentation and aerobic stability; inoculants containing L. plantarum can be deleterious to fermentation and conservation of sugarcane silages.

Aditivos químicos e inoculante bacteriano na ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar: efeitos sobre a fermentação das silagens e o desempenho de garrotes

Os objetivos neste experimento foram avaliar o desempenho de tourinhos alimentados com racoes completas preparadas com silagens de cana-de-acucar tratadas ou nao com aditivos e estudar o efeito dos aditivos sobre a fermentacao das silagens. Trinta tourinhos Canchim com peso medio de 312 kg foram distribuidos em delineamento de blocos casualizados para avaliar tres tipos de racoes isoproteicas e isoenergeticas (relacao volumoso:concentrado de 35:65): racao com silagem sem aditivo (controle); racao com silagem tratada com ureia (5 g/kg de materia verde, MV) + benzoato de sodio (0,5 g/kg de MV); racao com silagem inoculada com Lactobacillus buchneri (5 × 104 ufc/g de MV). As silagens apresentaram pH adequado a conservacao ( 53 g/kg de MS). Na silagem tratada com ureia + benzoato e na silagem inoculada, os teores de etanol foram mais baixos em relacao a silagem sem aditivo (43; 73 e 92 g/kg de MS, respectivamente). A silagem com ureia + benzoato apresentou teores mais elevados de proteina bruta e de nutrientes digestiveis totais em comparacao as outras silagens. O tipo de racao nao afeta o ganho de peso vivo (1,75 kg PV/dia) nem a ingestao de MS (10,5 kg MS/dia), mas a conversao alimentar foi melhor nos animais que receberam a racao controle em relacao aqueles alimentados com a racao com silagem inoculada (5,71 vs 6,45 kg MS/kg GPV).

Fermentation parameters, quality and losses in sugarcane silages treated with chemical additives and a bacterial inoculant

The objective of this trial was to evaluate chemical additives and a bacterial inoculant on the inhibition of alcoholic fermentation and reduction of losses in sugarcane silages. Treatments were (doses on a fresh forage basis): without additive (control); urea (10 g/kg); urea (5 g/kg) + sodium benzoate (0.5 g/kg); sodium benzoate (1 g/kg); urea + ammonium sulfate in a 9:1 relation (10 g/kg); Lactobacillus buchneri (5 × 104 cfu/g). Silages were produced in 10.16- × 30-cm PVC tubes, provided with tight lids adapted with Bunsen valves for gas losses quantification. Minisilos were opened 139 days after ensiling. Ethanol content (227 g/kg dry matter - DM) and total DM loss (30%) were high in the control silage. All additives, except benzoate, decreased ethanol concentration in silages. Inoculation with L. buchneri increased acetic acid content in the silage, resulting in a 41% reduction in ethanol content and the lowest gas loss among treatments (15.2%). There was synergistic effect between additives for the combined use of urea and benzoate. Silage treated with urea + ammonium sulfate has higher content of total digestible nutrients than the silage treated with urea exclusively.

Performance of dairy cows fed rations produced with sugarcane silages treated with additives or fresh sugarcane

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com silagens de cana-de-acucar tratadas com aditivos em comparacao ao de vacas alimentadas com a forragem fresca. Vinte e quatro vacas holandesas foram agrupadas em blocos de tres vacas, de acordo com a ordem do parto e com o nivel de producao de leite, em um delineamento quadrado latino multiplo 3 x 3, para avaliacao de tres tipos de racao (63% volumoso e 37% concentrado na materia seca - MS): racao com silagem tratada com ureia (5,0 g/kg de materia verde - MV) + benzoato de sodio (0,5 g/kg MV); racao com silagem inoculada com Lactobacillus buchneri (5 x 104 ufc/g MV); racao com cana-de-acucar fresca. Cada periodo de avaliacao foi composto de duas semanas de adaptacao e uma semana de coleta de dados. As vacas alimentadas com as racoes com silagens tratadas com ureia + benzoato e com L. buchneri tiveram menor consumo de materia seca (18,5 vs 21,4 kg/dia) e menor producao de leite (17,4 vs 18,6 kg/dia) em comparacao aquelas alimentadas com a racao com forragem fresca. O teor de gordura no leite das vacas que receberam silagem inoculada com L. buchneri foi mais alto que no daquelas alimentadas com forragem fresca, o que resultou em valor de producao de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura (LCG) similar entre os grupos. As vacas que receberam racao com silagem tratada com ureia + benzoato apresentaram nivel intermediario de gordura no leite, mas producao inferior de leite corrigida em comparacao as alimentadas com cana fresca. A eficiencia alimentar (kg LCG/kg MS consumida) foi mais alta nas vacas alimentadas com a racao produzida com silagem inoculada (0,95), intermediaria para as vacas que receberam silagem tratada com a combinacao de aditivos quimicos (0,91) e mais baixa para as vacas alimentadas com a cana-de-acucar fresca (0,83).

Efeito de inoculante bacteriano sobre a qualidade da silagem e perda de matéria seca durante a ensilagem de sorgo.

ABSTRACT - The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of a commercial bacterial inoculant containing Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus faecium and Pediococcus acidactili on the quality and dry matter (DM) loss of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) during the ensilage process. The treatments were constituted of two types dual propose sorghum silage harvested at the dough stage: without (control) and with inoculant; three positions in each silo (front, middle and back regions) corresponding to three periods of collection (52, 65 and 71 days of fermentation) and three replicates in side each position. Each replicate was constituted of a fine meshed nylon bag with 4 kg of forage containing 1 kg of forage approximately. The inoculated silage had lower ash (mineral matter) percentage, ammonia nitrogen and lactic acid, higher content of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. The silage with inoculant did not differ from the control in relation to the pH, crude protein, gross energy and percentage of DM loss.

Efeito de enzimas fibrolíticas e do teor de matéria seca em silagens de capim-tanzânia sobre os parâmetros ruminais, o comportamento ingestivo e a digestão de nutrientes, em bovinos

The present trial aimed to study the effects of forage wilting or the addition fibrolytic enzymes to the Tanzaniagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania) during the ensiling process or after the silage unloading and before animal feeding. The fermentation and ruminal kinetics parameters, animal ingestive behavior, dry matter intake and in vivo nutrient digestibilities in bovine were measured. Treatments consisted of forage ensiling as described: A - wilted forage without enzymes; B - fresh forage without enzymes; C - wilted forage with enzymes at ensiling (2 L/t wet forage); D - fresh forage with enzymes at ensiling; E - enzymes applied into silage (10 L/t wet silage) 30 minutes before feeding (direct-fed). Silage samples were submitted to chemical analysis and screened for particle size measurements. Five ruminally cannulated Nellore steers were randomly assigned to a 5 x 5 Latin square design and fed with 50% silage total mixed rations diets. The ruminal passage rate of solid (2.23%/hour) and liquid (4.83%/hour) phases were similar for all treatments. The molar concentration (109.62 mM) of total VFAs and ammonia-N (5.6 mg/dL) observed in ruminal fluid were similar across silages diets. The forage wilting determined lower C2:C3 ration in the rumen. The animal ingestive behavior measured as total time (minutes/day) and rate (minutes/DM kg) was not changed with enzymes application, averaging DM eating (247; 24), DM ruminating (426; 43) and DM chewing (673; 67), respectively. Rations containing wilted silages showed less rumination and chewing. The mean DM (47.5 vs. 53.6%), NDF (45.8 vs. 55%) and ADF (45.5 vs. 54.8%) digestibilities were decreased on total mixed rations containing wilted silages. The wilting of Tanzaniagrass or the addition of fibrolytic enzymes resulted in marginal improvement, both in the ruminal parameters or animal ingestive behavior.