André Valle de Bairros

Presence of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in slimming phytotherapeutic formulations and their analytical determination

Obesity that is associated with a high consumption of slimming substances is considered a public health problem around the world. In this context, the increasing consumption of phytotherapeutic formulations as alternative obesity treatments has revealed the presence of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants. The illegally added adulterants are frequently anorexic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant pharmaceuticals. This review aims to describe the analytical methodologies utilized for the determination of adulterants in slimming phytotherapeutic formulations. Furthermore, this review describes some important adulteration cases, which occurred mainly in Europe, Asia, Brazil, and the USA.

A new method for the simultaneous determination of 1,4-benzodiazepines and amfepramone as adulterants in phytotherapeutic formulations by voltammetry

The use of synthetic pharmaceuticals in phytotherapeutics can be defined as an illegal practice, since these compounds are normally present as non-declared compounds in the phytotherapeutical formulations. This work aims to show the development of an analytical method based on adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (AdCSV) for the simultaneous determination of 1,4-benzodiazepines and amfepramone. The developed method was used to measure seven benzodiazepines (clonazepam, flurazepam, alprazolam, midazolam, medazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and diazepam) and amfepramone in slimming formulations that have been commercialized in Brazil. This method permits the screening of adulterant classes in a single voltammetric run by using a hanging mercury drop electrode as a working electrode and Ringer buffer (pH 10.0) as a supporting electrolyte. Recovery values ranging from 92.0% to 117.0% demonstrate the reliability of the method in the determination of adulterants in real samples. Among the 12 samples studied by the proposed method, 4 were demonstrated to be adulterated by 1,4-benzodiazepines.

Curcumin protects against cigarette smoke-induced cognitive impairment and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in rats

Cigarette smoke, a widely spread habit, is associated with a decline in cognitive function and studies have demonstrated that curcumin (Cur), an Indian spice, possesses a strong neuroprotective potential. Considering the relevance of investigating dietary compounds this study aimed to investigate the effect of Cur on memory and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain structures and blood of cigarette smoke-exposed rats. Male Wistar rats were treated with curcumin and cigarette smoke, once a day, 5 days each week, for 30 days. The experimental procedures were divided in two sets of experiments. In the first, the animals were divided into 4 groups: Vehicle (corn oil), Cur 12.5 mg/kg, Cur 25 mg/kg and Cur 50 mg/kg. In the second, the animals were divided into 5 groups: Vehicle (corn oil), Smoke, Smoke plus Cur 12.5 mg/kg, Smoke plus Cur 25 mg/kg and Smoke plus Cur 50 mg/kg. Treatment with Cur significantly prevented the decreased latency and cholinergic alterations in cigarette smoke-exposed rats. These AChE alterations could suggest a role in the memory impairment promoted by cigarette smoke-exposure and point toward the potential of Cur to modulate cholinergic neurotransmission and, consequently, improve cognition deficits induced by smoke. This study suggests that the dietary compound Cur may be involved in cholinergic system modulation and as a consequence exert an effect on learning and memory.

A method for isolation of rat lymphocyte-rich mononuclear cells from lung tissue useful for determination of nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase activity

Methods for the isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and human lung mononuclear cells (LMCs) have been proposed previously. This study describes a method that allows the separation of lymphocyte-rich LMCs from rats. Trypan blue was applied to determine cell viability. White blood cell and differential cell counts were also performed. Relationships between nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase, EC 3.6.1.5) activities expressed in milligrams of protein, millions of cells, and millions of viable cells were examined as linear correlations. The lung tissue yielded 82.46% lymphocytes, 8.6% macrophages, 2.20% monocytes, and 1.27% polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). In LMCs, a very strong correlation was observed as follows: between NTPDase activity, as determined using ATP or ADP as a substrate, expressed in milligrams of protein and that expressed in millions of cells (r ≥ 0.91), between that expressed in milligrams of protein and that expressed in millions of viable cells (r ≥ 0.91), and between that expressed in millions of cells and that expressed in millions of viable cells (r ≥ 0.98). Based on our results, we affirm that NTPDase activity could be expressed in millions of viable cells, millions of cells, or milligrams of protein.

Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in pregnant women

Abstract Objectives Oxidative stress (OS) is defined as an imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species and the capacity of antioxidant defenses. The objective of this work was to investigate OS and antioxidant capacity in pregnant women. Methods Parameters of the oxidative status and antioxidant capacity in serum and whole blood were evaluated in thirty-nine women with normal pregnancy. Results The assessment of antioxidants indicated an increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) and a decrease in ascorbic acid levels and the total content of sulfhydryl (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001). Additionally, when the pro-oxidant system was investigated we found an increase (P < 0.01) in malondialdehyde and no significant change (P > 0.05) in protein carbonylation. Discussion This study demonstrates that there is a change in the pro-oxidant and antioxidant defenses associated with body and circulation changes that are inherent to the pregnancy process.

Voltammetric behavior of amfepramone (diethylpropion) at the hanging mercury drop electrode and its analytical determination in pharmaceutical formulations

This paper describes a systematic study of the voltammetric behavior of amfepramone at the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) by cyclic (CV) and alternating current (AC) voltammetric methods. The studies showed the adsorptive behavior of amfepramone at the HMDE and were performed in H2SO4 0.1 mol L-1 (pH 1.0) and Ringer buffer (pH 11.0) as supporting electrolytes. The linear range for the amfepramone determination by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was 0.05 to 2.0 mg L-1 (r = 0.998) in acidic medium and 0.25 to 4.0 mg L-1 (r = 0.994) in alkaline medium. The relative standard deviation calculated was 2.5% and 4.0 % for five measurements of 0.5 mg L-1 amfepramone in acidic and alkaline medium, respectively. The detection limits calculated for the amfepramone determination in acidic and alkaline medium were 0.035 e 0.18 mg L-1, respectively.The methods were applied for the determination of amfepramone by DPV in tablets and capsules of pharmaceutical formulations used in the treatment of obesity. Recoveries values ranging from 90.0 to 101.0% for amfepramone added to synthetic mixtures containing fenproporex, mazindol, sibutramine, fluoxetine, caffeine, diazepam, and metformin as interferents prove the applicability of the method for its determination in the presence of other drugs normally added illegally to pharmaceutical formulations commercialized as natural medicaments.

Os riscos e danos nas intoxicações por paraquat em animais domésticos

Paraquat is a nonselective contact herbicide. It is widely used in agriculture because it is inexpensive and highly efficient. Moreover, it is not present cumulative pollutant effects. However, it is a very toxic product both for humans and animals. The intoxication produced can be fatal mainly by the lack of an efficient antidote to revert the clinical state of the subject. Paraquat acts on the oxidative stress-induced mechanisms. Thus, there is the increased production of the free radicals associated with the depletion of antioxidant systems of the organism. Paraquat toxicity attacks kidneys, liver, muscles, and brain, but lungs are the target organs. Severe injuries are observed such as edema, hemorrhage, interstitial inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis, culminating in serious respiratory failure with death. Nowadays, the treatment of paraquat intoxication is based in decrease of the absorption and increases the excretion. Moreover, the use of antioxidants and antifibrotic agents has being studied. There is an increasing interest in studies about substances that can serve as antidote in the poisonings, once paraquat increases the morbidity and mortality.

Treatment with N-acetylcysteine does not alter blood glucose levels and the oxidative stress status in diabetic rats

Objectives: To verify the contribution of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an antioxidant drug in the therapy of diabetes, helping to reduce the deleterious effects resulting from oxidative stress associated with the hyperglycemic state. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into normal (saline, 25 mg/kg NAC, and 75 mg/kg NAC) and diabetic rats (saline, 25 mg/kg NAC, and 75 mg/kg NAC) with five rats per group, and were treated or four weeks. Diabetes induction was performed by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan after fasting for 12 hours. Subsequently, glucose solution was used to promote wear of the pancreatic beta cells. Blood parameters such as glucose, glycated hemoglobin, hepatic and renal biomarkers, and butyrylcholinesterase activity were determined by commercial kits. Catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities were measured using spectrophotometric techniques, while glutathione and malondialdehyde levels were determined by chromatographic techniques. Results: NAC had no significant differences on glycemic, hepatic, renal, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in diabetic rats treated with NAC compared to the diabetic saline group, while butyrylcholinesterase activity was significantly lower ( P < 0.05) in the same groups. There was a negative correlation between superoxide dismutase and butyrylcholinesterase activities. Conclusion: NAC supplementation did not re-establish the antioxidant system and consequently the deleterious effects of diabetes did not decrease. Diabetic groups that received NAC demonstrated that superoxide dismutase activity was indirectly linked to the levels of butyrylcholinesterase. More studies are necessary to investigate the action of NAC on superoxide dismutase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in the diabetic state.

Pre-treatment of different biological matrices for exogenous testosterone analysis: A review

Abstract The presence of exogenous testosterone has been monitored mainly in the urine and blood. However, other biological matrices such as hair, nail, and saliva samples can be used successfully for in vivo measurement. Chromatographic analysis requires pretreatment to obtain free testosterone and its metabolites. Among the pretreatment procedures, digestion, hydrolysis and solvolysis steps are conducted to reach the analytical purpose. Digestion assay is indicated for hair and nail samples. First, it is recommended to perform the decontamination step. After that, alkaline solution (NaOH), organic solvents and other reagents can be added to the samples and incubated under determined conditions for the digestion step. Hydrolysis assay is recommended to urine and blood samples. Acid hydrolysis cleaves conjugated testosterone and its metabolites using HCl or H2SO4 solution at appropriate time and temperature. However, there is formation of interferent compounds, degradation of dehydroepiandrosterone and decrease of peak resolution for epitestosterone. Enzymatic hydrolysis is an alternative technique able to promote free testosterone and its metabolites with low degradation. It is important to establish the best conditions according to the biological fluid and the amount of the sample. Sulfatase enzyme is recommended together with β-glucuronidase to cleave sulfoconjugate steroids. Solvolysis assay is similar to acid hydrolysis, but organic solvents are responsible to promote steroid deconjugation. Other approaches such as combination of different pretreatments, surface response or ultrasonic energy have been used to obtain the total of free steroids. So, the biological matrix defines the best procedure for pretreatment to achieve the analytical purpose, knowing its advantages and limitations.