Andreii S. Kritchenkov

Development of drug delivery systems for taxanes using ionic gelation of carboxyacyl derivatives of chitosan

Nanoparticles of two chitosan derivatives - N-succinyl-chitosan (SC) and N-glutaryl-chitosan (GC) - were developed as passive transport systems for taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) using an ionic gelation technique with sodium tripolyphosphate. These nanoparticles had an apparent hydrodynamic diameter of 300-350nm, a ζ-potential of 25-31mV, an encapsulation efficiency of 21-26%, and a drug loading efficiency of 6-13%. DLS and SLS analysis shows that the nanoparticles have a unimodal size distribution and spherical form. Drug release kinetics of the taxane-loaded nanoparticles demonstrates that more than 50% of the loaded taxane could be released upon the degradation of the nanoparticles after targeted delivery. The drug-loaded SC and GC nanoparticles exhibit high cytotoxicity towards AGS cancer cell lines and their antitumor activity is consequently enhanced when compared with free taxanes.

Regio- and Stereoselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Cyclic Azomethine Imines to Platinum(IV)-Bound Nitriles Giving Δ2-1,2,4-Triazoline Species

The complex trans-[PtCl4(EtCN)2] (14) reacts smoothly at 25 °C with the stable cyclic azomethine imines R(1)CH═N(a)NC(O)CH(NHC(O)C6H4R(3))C(b)H(C6H4R(2))((a-b)) [R(1)/R(2)/R(3) = p-Me/H/H (8); p-Me/p-Me/H (9); p-Me/p-MeO/H (10); p-Me/p-Cl/p-Cl (11); p-MeO/p-Me/H (12); p-MeO/p-Cl/m-Me (13)], and the reaction proceeds as stereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to one of the EtCN ligands accomplishing the monocycloadducts trans-[PtCl4(EtCN){N(a)═C(Et)N(b)C(O)CH(NHC(O)C6H4R(3))CH(C6H4R(2))N(c)C(d)HR(1)}])((a-d;b-c)) [R(1)/R(2)/R(3) = p-Me/H/H (15); p-Me/p-Me/H (16); p-Me/p-MeO/H (17); p-Me/p-Cl/p-Cl (18); p-MeO/p-Me/H (19); p-MeO/p-Cl/m-Me (20)]. Inspection of the obtained and literature data indicate that the cycloaddition of the azomethine imines to the C≡N bonds of HCN and of Pt(IV)-bound EtCN has different regioselectivity leading to Δ(2)-1,2,3-triazolines and Δ(2)-1,2,4-triazolines, respectively. Platinum(II) species trans-[PtCl2(EtCN){N(a)═C(Et)N(b)C(O)CH(NHC(O)C6H4R(3))CH(C6H4R(2))N(c)C(d)HR(1)}]((a-d;b-c)) [R(1)/R(2)/R(3) = p-Me/H/H (21); p-Me/p-Me/H (22); p-Me/p-MeO/H (23); p-Me/p-Cl/p-Cl (24); p-MeO/p-Me/H (25); p-MeO/p-Cl/m-Me (26)] were obtained by a one-pot procedure from 14 and 8-13 followed by addition of the phosphorus ylide Ph3P═CHCO2Me. Δ(2)-1,2,4-Triazolines N(a)═C(Et)N(b)C(O)CH(NHC(O)C6H4R(3))CH(C6H4R(2))N(c)C(d)HR(1(a-d;b-c)) [R(1)/R(2)/R(3) = p-Me/H/H (27); p-Me/p-Me/H (28); p-Me/p-MeO/H (29); p-Me/p-Cl/p-Cl (30); p-MeO/p-Me/H (31); p-MeO/p-Cl/m-Me (32)] were liberated from 21-26 by the treatment with bis(diphenylphosphyno)ethane (dppe). Platinum(II) complexes 21-26 were characterized by elemental analyses (C, H, N), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and IR and (1)H and (13)C{(1)H} NMR spectroscopies and single crystal X-ray diffraction in the solid state for 25·CH3OH, 26·(CHCl3)0.84. The structure of 26 was also determined by COSY-90 and NOESY NMR methods in solution. Quantitative evaluation of several pairs of interproton distances obtained by NMR and X-ray diffraction agrees well with each other and with those obtained by the MM+ calculation method. Platinum(IV) complexes 15-20 were characterized by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Metal-free 6,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazoles (27-32) were characterized by high-resolution ESI-MS and IR and (1)H and (13)C{(1)H} NMR spectroscopies and single crystal X-ray diffraction for 29·CDCl3. Theoretical density functional theory calculations were carried out for the investigation of the reaction mechanism, interpretation of the reactivity of Pt-bound and free nitriles toward azomethine imines and analysis of the regio- and stereoselectivity origin.

Solid-liquid phase equilibria in the fullerenol-d-CuCl2-H2O system at 25°C

Solubility in the ternary fullerenol-d-CuCl2-H2O system at 25°C is studied by means of isothermal saturation in ampoules. It is established that the diagram consists of two branches corresponding to the crystallization of fullerenol-d crystallohydrate and copper(II) chloride dihydrate and contains a single non-variant eutonic point corresponding to the reciprocal saturation with both solid phases. The salting-in effect on the crystallization branch of CuCl2 · 2H2O and the salting-out effect on the crystallization branch of fullerenol-d is revealed.

Dichloridobis[3-(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)-2-methyl-5-(piperidin-1-yl)-2,3-di­hydro-1,2,4-oxa­diazole-κN4]platinum(II)

In title compound, [PtCl2(C15H21N3O2)2], the PtII cation, located on an inversion center, is coordinated by two Cl− anions and two 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-5-(piperidin-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazole ligands in a distorted Cl2N2 square-planar geometry. The dihydrooxadiazole and piperidine rings display envelope (with the non-coordinating N atom as the flap atom) and chair conformations, respectively. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the molecules into supramolecular chains running along the b axis. The piperidine ring is disordered over two positions with the occupancy ratio of 0.528 (4):0.472 (4).

Dichloridobis[3-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-2,N,N-trimethyl-2,3-di­hydro-1,2,4-oxa­diazole-5-amine-κN4]platinum(II)–4-chloro­benzaldehyde (1/1)

In the title 1:1 co-crystal, [PtCl2(C11H14ClN3O)2]·C7H5ClO, the coordination polyhedron of the PtII atom is slightly distorted square-planar with the chloride and 2,3-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazole ligands mutually trans, as the Pt atom lies on an inversion center. The 4-chlorobenzaldehyde molecules are statistically disordered about an inversion centre with equal occupancies for the two positions. The PtII complex forms a three-dimensional structure through C—H⋯Cl and weaker C—H⋯O interactions with the 4-chlorobenzaldehyde molecule.

Synthesis, Identification, and Solubility of Adducts of Aldonitrones to Light Fullerenes in Toluene and O-xylene

In this paper, a synthesis of the four adducts of aldonitrones to light fullerenes (C60 and C70) is described. Identifications of adducts were conducted using infrared and electron spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance, elemental analysis, and mass-spectrometry method. In the temperature range 20–80°С we studied the dependences of solubility of these adducts in aromatic solvents—toluene and o-xylene.