Anita Foerster

Policy design, spatial planning and climate change adaptation: a case study from Australia

There are gaps in the existing climate change adaptation literature concerning the design of spatial planning instruments and the relationship between policy instruments and the sociopolitical barriers to adaptation reform. To help address this gap, this article presents a typology of spatial planning instruments for adaptation and analyses the pattern of instrument choice in Australian planning processes in order to shed light on contextual factors that can impede adaptation. The analysis highlights how policy design can amplify the barriers to adaptation by arranging policy actors in ways inimical to reform and stripping decision makers of the instruments necessary to make and sustain desired policy changes.

Water law: adapting to climate change in South-Eastern Australia?

In many parts of the world, water resource management is a critical component of climate change adaptation strategies. Potential climate change impacts on water resources are considerable, particularly in Australia, which is naturally a land of climatic extremes – prolonged droughts and flooding rains. In general, climate change modelling for south-eastern Australia suggests significant reductions in rainfall; temperature increases leading to increased evaporation rates; and a potential increase in the frequency and severity of extreme events such as drought, flood and bushfire in native forests in key water catchments, all with potentially adverse impacts on water availability and quality. Climate change raises very difficult adaptation challenges for natural resource management regimes, such as those regulating water allocation and use. Essentially, these are regimes of trade-off. Through them, we seek to balance the competing demands of basic human water supply, resources for industry and the maintenance of environmental values. It is clear that increased scarcity, variability and extreme events under climate change will significantly sharpen these trade-offs. Climate change is likely to have devastating direct impacts on many species and ecosystems, while simultaneously increasing pressure on natural resources for human use. As the discussion in this chapter illustrates, the intersection of biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource use objectives in natural resource management regimes make for complex and contested adaptation challenges. Since 1994, Australian water law and governance systems have been extensively reformed.