Annelise de Carvalho Gonçalves

Análise da distribuição espacial da mortalidade neonatal e de fatores associados, em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, no período 2000-2006

An ecological study was performed to identify patterns in the spatial distribution of neonatal mortality and risk areas as well as associated factors in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, 2000-2006. A thematic map was constructed, and techniques were used for formal assessment of spatial dependence. No spatial and spatial regression models were used to assess possible relationships between selected factors and spatial distribution of neonatal mortality. Spatial autocorrelation was observed in neonatal mortality (I = 0.17; p = 0.0100), so its distribution was non-random. The analysis showed a spatial pattern in which the highest risk (> 9.0/1,000 live births) was concentrated in the downtown areas and peripheral neighborhoods with the highest concentration of low-income families, and this was associated with the target risk factors. The proportion of low birth weight newborns was the only variable that was significantly associated with neonatal mortality. Living conditions may have contributed to the uneven spatial distribution of neonatal mortality in this city.

Práticas de atenção hospitalar ao recém-nascido saudável no Brasil

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o cuidado ao recem-nascido saudavel a termo e identificar variacoes nesse cuidado no atendimento ao parto e na primeira hora de vida. Utilizou-se a base de dados da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil. Foram estimadas as razoes de produtos cruzados OR brutas e ajustadas entre as caracteristicas do hospital, maternas e de assistencia ao parto com os desfechos: aspiracao de vias aereas e gastrica, uso do oxigenio inalatorio, uso de incubadora, contato pele a pele, alojamento conjunto e oferta do seio materno na sala de parto e na primeira hora de vida. Foi observada grande variacao das praticas usadas na assistencia ao recem-nascido a termo na sala de parto. Praticas consideradas inadequadas como uso de oxigenio inalatorio (9,5%), aspiracao de vias aereas (71,1%) e gastrica (39,7%) e uso de incubadora (8,8%) foram excessivamente usadas. A ida ao seio na sala de parto foi considerada baixa (16,1%), mesmo nos hospitais com titulo de Hospital Amigo da Crianca (24%). Esses resultados sugerem baixos niveis de conhecimento e aderencia as boas praticas clinicas.The aim of this study was to evaluate the care of healthy full-term newborns and to identify variations in childbirth care and practices in the first hour of life. We used data from the Birth in Brazil survey. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio (OR) of hospital-delivered care for the mother and during childbirth were estimated for the following outcomes: upper airways and gastric aspiration, use of inhaled oxygen, use of incubator, skin-to-skin contact after birth, rooming-in and breastfeeding in the delivery room and within the first hour of life. We observed wide variations in the care of healthy full-term newborn in the delivery room. Practices considered inadequate, such as use of inhaled oxygen, (9.5%) aspiration of airways (71.1%) and gastric suctioning (39.7%), and the use of incubator (8.8%) were excessively used. Breastfeeding in the delivery room was low (16%), even when the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative had been implemented (24%). The results suggest poor knowledge and compliance by health practitioners to good clinical practice. Such noncompliance was probably not due to the differences in resources, since most births take place in hospitals where the necessary resources are available.

Clinical practices in the hospital care of healthy newborn infant in Brazil

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o cuidado ao recem-nascido saudavel a termo e identificar variacoes nesse cuidado no atendimento ao parto e na primeira hora de vida. Utilizou-se a base de dados da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil. Foram estimadas as razoes de produtos cruzados OR brutas e ajustadas entre as caracteristicas do hospital, maternas e de assistencia ao parto com os desfechos: aspiracao de vias aereas e gastrica, uso do oxigenio inalatorio, uso de incubadora, contato pele a pele, alojamento conjunto e oferta do seio materno na sala de parto e na primeira hora de vida. Foi observada grande variacao das praticas usadas na assistencia ao recem-nascido a termo na sala de parto. Praticas consideradas inadequadas como uso de oxigenio inalatorio (9,5%), aspiracao de vias aereas (71,1%) e gastrica (39,7%) e uso de incubadora (8,8%) foram excessivamente usadas. A ida ao seio na sala de parto foi considerada baixa (16,1%), mesmo nos hospitais com titulo de Hospital Amigo da Crianca (24%). Esses resultados sugerem baixos niveis de conhecimento e aderencia as boas praticas clinicas.The aim of this study was to evaluate the care of healthy full-term newborns and to identify variations in childbirth care and practices in the first hour of life. We used data from the Birth in Brazil survey. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio (OR) of hospital-delivered care for the mother and during childbirth were estimated for the following outcomes: upper airways and gastric aspiration, use of inhaled oxygen, use of incubator, skin-to-skin contact after birth, rooming-in and breastfeeding in the delivery room and within the first hour of life. We observed wide variations in the care of healthy full-term newborn in the delivery room. Practices considered inadequate, such as use of inhaled oxygen, (9.5%) aspiration of airways (71.1%) and gastric suctioning (39.7%), and the use of incubator (8.8%) were excessively used. Breastfeeding in the delivery room was low (16%), even when the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative had been implemented (24%). The results suggest poor knowledge and compliance by health practitioners to good clinical practice. Such noncompliance was probably not due to the differences in resources, since most births take place in hospitals where the necessary resources are available.

Social inequalities in neonatal mortality and living condition

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between the spatial distribution of neonatal mortality and living conditions, and to analyze trends in the social inequalities, related to this mortality, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 2000 - 2006. METHODS The citys Information Zones, the unit of analysis used in this study, were grouped into strata reflecting high, intermediate, low and very low living conditions, based on a living conditions index (LCI). Neonatal mortality rates were calculated for each stratum. Spearmans correlation, linear regression and relative risks were used in the data analysis. RESULTS Neonatal mortality in Salvador was found to be associated with living conditions, with risks of 53, 56 and 59% greater, respectively, in the intermediate, low and very low strata, when compared to the high living conditions stratum. Only the intermediate living conditions stratum shows a significant decline in neonatal mortality (β = -0.93; p = 0.039). In the stratum of high living conditions, it was observed a stagnation of this mortality. CONCLUSIONS Poorer living conditions were associated to higher risks of neonatal mortality. The slight decline in social inequalities, found in neonatal mortality, was due to a decline in the intermediate living conditions stratum. Although dependent on the access to quality healthcare services and life support technologies, a more consistent reduction in the neonatal mortality and its associated inequalities will only be achieved when broader-reaching public policies are implemented, improving the living conditions, and mainly focusing on priority groups.

Maternal and neonatal factors related to prematurity

OBJETIVO Identificar fatores maternos e neonatais associados a prematuridade no municipio de Porto Alegre. METODO Estudo do tipo caso-controle de base populacional. Os casos foram recem-nascidos com menos de 37 semanas de gestacao, e os controles foram os recem-nascidos com 37 semanas ou mais. Os dados provieram dos registros de 19.457 nascimentos do municipio de Porto Alegre, no ano de 2012, no Sistema de Informacoes sobre Nascidos Vivos da Secretaria Municipal da Saude. Foi realizada analise ajustada mediante Regressao Logistica segundo modelo hierarquico. As variaveis estudadas foram alocadas em tres niveis de hierarquia: variaveis sociodemograficas; historia reprodutiva; fatores gestacionais e de nascimento. RESULTADOS Foram alocados 767 casos e 1.534 controles, em um desenho de um caso para dois controles (1:2), mediante randomizacao simples. No modelo final, foi encontrada associacao estatisticamente significante para prematuridade para as seguintes variaveis: idade materna menor que 19 anos (OR=1,32; IC 95%: 1,02 - 1,71) e maior que 34 anos (OR=1,39; IC 95%: 1,12 - 1,72); escolaridade materna inadequada para a idade (OR=2,11; IC 95%: 1,22 - 3,65); gravidez multipla (OR=1,14; IC 95%: 1,01 - 1,29); cesariana (OR=1,15; IC 95%: 1,03 - 1,29); peso ao nascer menor a 2.500g (OR=4,04; IC 95%: 3,64 - 4,49); Indice de Apgar no 5° minuto de zero a tres (OR=1,47; IC 95%: 1,12 - 1,91) e pre-natal inadequado (OR=1,18; IC 95%: 1,02 - 1,36). CONCLUSAO O presente estudo evidenciou as consequencias mais imediatas da prematuridade para os recem-nascidos ao revelar sua associacao com piores escores de Apgar e baixo peso ao nascimento. Mostrou como possiveis determinantes mais distais de prematuridade: idade materna, educacao materna inadequada, gestacao multipla, pre-natal inadequado e realizacao de cesariana.OBJECTIVE To identify maternal and neonatal factors associated with prematurity in the municipality of Porto Alegre. METHOD This was a population-based case-control study. The cases were newborns under 37 weeks of gestation and the controls were newborns over 37 weeks. The data came from the records of 19,457 births in the city of Porto Alegre in the year 2012 from the Information System on Live Births of the Municipal Health Department. The analysis was carried outand adjusted by a Logistic Regression according to a hierarchical model. The variables studied were allocated into three hierarchy levels: sociodemographic variables; reproductive history; and gestational and birth factors. RESULTS There were 767 cases allocated and 1,534 controls in a design of a case for two controls (1:2) by simple randomization. In the final model, a statistically significant association was found for prematurity for the following variables: mothers age under 19 years old (OR=1.32; CI 95%: 1.02-1.71) or over 34 years old (OR=1.39; CI 95%: 1.12-1.72); inadequate maternal schooling for age (OR=2.11; CI 95%: 1.22-3.65); multiple pregnancies (OR=1.14; CI 95%: 1.01-1.29); C-section (OR=1.15; CI 95%: 1.03-1.29); birth weights under 2,500g (OR=4.04; CI 95%: 3.64-4.49); Apgar score at five minutes between zero and three (OR=1.47; CI 95%: 1.12-1.91); and inadequate prenatal care (OR=1.18; CI 95%: 1.02-1.36). CONCLUSION The present study showed the most immediate consequence of prematurity for newborns by evidencing its association with worse Apgar scores and low birth weight. The following factors were also shown as possible more distal determinants of prematurity: mothers age; inadequate maternal education; multiple gestation; inadequate prenatal care; and C-section. OBJETIVO Identificar fatores maternos e neonatais associados à prematuridade no município de Porto Alegre. MÉTODO Estudo do tipo caso-controle de base populacional. Os casos foram recém-nascidos com menos de 37 semanas de gestação, e os controles foram os recém-nascidos com 37 semanas ou mais. Os dados provieram dos registros de 19.457 nascimentos do município de Porto Alegre, no ano de 2012, no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde. Foi realizada análise ajustada mediante Regressão Logística segundo modelo hierárquico. As variáveis estudadas foram alocadas em três níveis de hierarquia: variáveis sociodemográficas; história reprodutiva; fatores gestacionais e de nascimento. RESULTADOS Foram alocados 767 casos e 1.534 controles, em um desenho de um caso para dois controles (1:2), mediante randomização simples. No modelo final, foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante para prematuridade para as seguintes variáveis: idade materna menor que 19 anos (OR=1,32; IC 95%: 1,02 - 1,71) e maior que 34 anos (OR=1,39; IC 95%: 1,12 - 1,72); escolaridade materna inadequada para a idade (OR=2,11; IC 95%: 1,22 - 3,65); gravidez múltipla (OR=1,14; IC 95%: 1,01 - 1,29); cesariana (OR=1,15; IC 95%: 1,03 - 1,29); peso ao nascer menor a 2.500g (OR=4,04; IC 95%: 3,64 - 4,49); Índice de Apgar no 5° minuto de zero a três (OR=1,47; IC 95%: 1,12 - 1,91) e pré-natal inadequado (OR=1,18; IC 95%: 1,02 - 1,36). CONCLUSÃO O presente estudo evidenciou as consequências mais imediatas da prematuridade para os recém-nascidos ao revelar sua associação com piores escores de Apgar e baixo peso ao nascimento. Mostrou como possíveis determinantes mais distais de prematuridade: idade materna, educação materna inadequada, gestação múltipla, pré-natal inadequado e realização de cesariana.

Tendência da mortalidade neonatal na cidade de Salvador (Bahia-Brasil), 1996-2012

Objectives:to investigate neonatal mortality trends, principal causes and potential risk factors, in Salvador-Bahia, 1996-2012.Methods:a time series study was carried out using data from the Mortality and Live Births/LB Information Systems and the National Register of Health Establishments. Parameters for the trend over time of the neonatal mortality coefficient /NMC and the proportions of LBs in terms of characteristics of the mother, the newborn and health care were obtained using simple linear regression. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relation between these variables.Results:a decline of 21.2% in NMC was observed, mainly owing to premature births (β= - 0.730; p=0.006; R2= 0.423). This tendency was followed by the proportion of LBs among adolescent mothers and mothers with no schooling. The proportion of LBs among mothers aged > 35 years, premature births and Caesarean births was found to be higher. The predominant cause of neonatal death was specific infection during perinatal period (13.2%). Intra-uterine hypoxia/asphyxia during birth (8.4%) and disorders relating to premature birth/low birth weight (15.9%), were also found to be on the rise (β= 1.319; p=0.006; R2= 0.428).Conclusions:neonatal mortality and the prevalence of potential risk factors are on the decline in Salvador. Initiatives aiming to improve neonatal care and the living conditions of the population may be contributing to this trend.

Fatores associados a cesáreas em um hospital universitário de alta complexidade do sul do Brasil

Objective To identify the factors associated with cesarean sections in a high complexity university hospital in southern Brazil. Methods Cross-sectional study carried out at the Obstetric Hospital Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Data were gathered from questionnaires carried out with 361 puerperal women and maternal and neonatal records, from February to April 2013. For the analysis, Prevalence Ratio through Univariate Poisson Regression was used. Results The prevalence of cesarean sections was 31%. The category of hospitalization, cervix dilation and its characteristics, fetal presentation, and uterine dynamics, at the time of admission, were statistically related to cesarean sections; not having a previous cesarean section and night shift (from midnight to 6AM) were protective factors. Conclusions The prevalence of cesarean sections is above the rate recommended by the World Health Organization, but it is similar to rates found in other university hospitals, thus pointing out the need for the proposition of actions aimed at improving this indicator.Objective To identify the factors associated with cesarean sections in a high complexity university hospital in southern Brazil. Methods Cross-sectional study carried out at the Obstetric Hospital Unit of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre. Data were gathered from questionnaires carried out with 361 puerperal women and maternal and neonatal records, from February to April 2013. For the analysis, Prevalence Ratio through Univariate Poisson Regression was used. Results The prevalence of cesarean sections was 31%. The category of hospitalization, cervix dilation and its characteristics, fetal presentation, and uterine dynamics, at the time of admission, were statistically related to cesarean sections; not having a previous cesarean section and night shift (from midnight to 6AM) were protective factors. Conclusions The prevalence of cesarean sections is above the rate recommended by the World Health Organization, but it is similar to rates found in other university hospitals, thus pointing out the need for the proposition of actions aimed at improving this indicator.

Via de parto preferida por puérperas e suas motivações

Objective: Identify the route of birth delivery preferred by mothers and their motivations. Method: Cross-sectional study with 361 mothers from a university hospital. Data were obtained using a structured questionnaire from February to April 2013. Descriptive analysis was performed and the Chi-square test was used to verify association among the variables. Results: 77.6% of the women preferred vaginal delivery and the reason reported by 81.8% of them was easier recovery postpartum; 20.5% believed they took part in the decision-making concerning the type of delivery; 64.5% believed the type of delivery they experienced did not involve risk for themselves, while 21.9% believed it involved risk for the newborn. Statistical association was found between number of deliveries and type of previous delivery with the preferred route of delivery. Conclusion: Women did not have adequate knowledge regarding the risks and benefits of different types of delivery and for this reason were not empowered to exert their autonomy in regard to this decision.

Fatores associados à interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo em lactentes com até 30 dias

Objective To identify factors associated with the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in infants up to 30 days old. Method A cross-sectional study conducted at a university hospital in southern Brazil, from December 2014 to September 2015, with 341 infants up to 30 days old and their mothers. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied consisting of variables related to sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history of the mother, companions education, and data of the infant and of breastfeeding. Collected data were subjected to bivariate and multivariate analysis with the estimation of Prevalence Ratios (PR). Results The prevalence of EBF was 79.5%. The factors associated with the interruption of EBF were babies ≥ 21 days, who received formula supplementation at the hospital, women with difficulties breastfeeding after hospital discharge, and non-white. Conclusion the factors associated with EBF interruption can help health workers create actions for mothers with difficulties and prevent interruption of EBF.

Factores Maternos y Neonatales Relacionados con la Prematuridad

OBJETIVO Identificar fatores maternos e neonatais associados a prematuridade no municipio de Porto Alegre. METODO Estudo do tipo caso-controle de base populacional. Os casos foram recem-nascidos com menos de 37 semanas de gestacao, e os controles foram os recem-nascidos com 37 semanas ou mais. Os dados provieram dos registros de 19.457 nascimentos do municipio de Porto Alegre, no ano de 2012, no Sistema de Informacoes sobre Nascidos Vivos da Secretaria Municipal da Saude. Foi realizada analise ajustada mediante Regressao Logistica segundo modelo hierarquico. As variaveis estudadas foram alocadas em tres niveis de hierarquia: variaveis sociodemograficas; historia reprodutiva; fatores gestacionais e de nascimento. RESULTADOS Foram alocados 767 casos e 1.534 controles, em um desenho de um caso para dois controles (1:2), mediante randomizacao simples. No modelo final, foi encontrada associacao estatisticamente significante para prematuridade para as seguintes variaveis: idade materna menor que 19 anos (OR=1,32; IC 95%: 1,02 - 1,71) e maior que 34 anos (OR=1,39; IC 95%: 1,12 - 1,72); escolaridade materna inadequada para a idade (OR=2,11; IC 95%: 1,22 - 3,65); gravidez multipla (OR=1,14; IC 95%: 1,01 - 1,29); cesariana (OR=1,15; IC 95%: 1,03 - 1,29); peso ao nascer menor a 2.500g (OR=4,04; IC 95%: 3,64 - 4,49); Indice de Apgar no 5° minuto de zero a tres (OR=1,47; IC 95%: 1,12 - 1,91) e pre-natal inadequado (OR=1,18; IC 95%: 1,02 - 1,36). CONCLUSAO O presente estudo evidenciou as consequencias mais imediatas da prematuridade para os recem-nascidos ao revelar sua associacao com piores escores de Apgar e baixo peso ao nascimento. Mostrou como possiveis determinantes mais distais de prematuridade: idade materna, educacao materna inadequada, gestacao multipla, pre-natal inadequado e realizacao de cesariana.OBJECTIVE To identify maternal and neonatal factors associated with prematurity in the municipality of Porto Alegre. METHOD This was a population-based case-control study. The cases were newborns under 37 weeks of gestation and the controls were newborns over 37 weeks. The data came from the records of 19,457 births in the city of Porto Alegre in the year 2012 from the Information System on Live Births of the Municipal Health Department. The analysis was carried outand adjusted by a Logistic Regression according to a hierarchical model. The variables studied were allocated into three hierarchy levels: sociodemographic variables; reproductive history; and gestational and birth factors. RESULTS There were 767 cases allocated and 1,534 controls in a design of a case for two controls (1:2) by simple randomization. In the final model, a statistically significant association was found for prematurity for the following variables: mothers age under 19 years old (OR=1.32; CI 95%: 1.02-1.71) or over 34 years old (OR=1.39; CI 95%: 1.12-1.72); inadequate maternal schooling for age (OR=2.11; CI 95%: 1.22-3.65); multiple pregnancies (OR=1.14; CI 95%: 1.01-1.29); C-section (OR=1.15; CI 95%: 1.03-1.29); birth weights under 2,500g (OR=4.04; CI 95%: 3.64-4.49); Apgar score at five minutes between zero and three (OR=1.47; CI 95%: 1.12-1.91); and inadequate prenatal care (OR=1.18; CI 95%: 1.02-1.36). CONCLUSION The present study showed the most immediate consequence of prematurity for newborns by evidencing its association with worse Apgar scores and low birth weight. The following factors were also shown as possible more distal determinants of prematurity: mothers age; inadequate maternal education; multiple gestation; inadequate prenatal care; and C-section. OBJETIVO Identificar fatores maternos e neonatais associados à prematuridade no município de Porto Alegre. MÉTODO Estudo do tipo caso-controle de base populacional. Os casos foram recém-nascidos com menos de 37 semanas de gestação, e os controles foram os recém-nascidos com 37 semanas ou mais. Os dados provieram dos registros de 19.457 nascimentos do município de Porto Alegre, no ano de 2012, no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde. Foi realizada análise ajustada mediante Regressão Logística segundo modelo hierárquico. As variáveis estudadas foram alocadas em três níveis de hierarquia: variáveis sociodemográficas; história reprodutiva; fatores gestacionais e de nascimento. RESULTADOS Foram alocados 767 casos e 1.534 controles, em um desenho de um caso para dois controles (1:2), mediante randomização simples. No modelo final, foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante para prematuridade para as seguintes variáveis: idade materna menor que 19 anos (OR=1,32; IC 95%: 1,02 - 1,71) e maior que 34 anos (OR=1,39; IC 95%: 1,12 - 1,72); escolaridade materna inadequada para a idade (OR=2,11; IC 95%: 1,22 - 3,65); gravidez múltipla (OR=1,14; IC 95%: 1,01 - 1,29); cesariana (OR=1,15; IC 95%: 1,03 - 1,29); peso ao nascer menor a 2.500g (OR=4,04; IC 95%: 3,64 - 4,49); Índice de Apgar no 5° minuto de zero a três (OR=1,47; IC 95%: 1,12 - 1,91) e pré-natal inadequado (OR=1,18; IC 95%: 1,02 - 1,36). CONCLUSÃO O presente estudo evidenciou as consequências mais imediatas da prematuridade para os recém-nascidos ao revelar sua associação com piores escores de Apgar e baixo peso ao nascimento. Mostrou como possíveis determinantes mais distais de prematuridade: idade materna, educação materna inadequada, gestação múltipla, pré-natal inadequado e realização de cesariana.