Anondho Wijanarko

Enhancement of carbon dioxide fixation by alteration of illumination duringChlorella vulgaris-Buitenzorg's growth

Alteration of illumination with optimum carbon dioxide fixation-based curve in this research successfully enhanced the CO2-fixation (qco2) capability ofChlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg cultivated in a bubble column photo bioreactor. The level of CO2 fixation was up to 1.91 times that observed from cultivation with intensification of illumination on an optimum growth-based curve. During 144 h of cultivation, alteration of light intensity on an optimum CO2-fixation-based curve produced a qCO2 of 6.68 h−1. Increases in light intensity based on a curve of optimum CO2-fixation produced a final cell concentration of about 5.78 g/L. Both cultivation methods were carried out under ambient pressure at a temperature of 29°C with a superficial gas velocity of 2.4 m/h (UG). Cells were grown on Beneck medium in a 1.0 L Bubble Column Photo bioreactor illuminated by aPhillips Halogen Lamp (20 W/12 V/50 Hz). The inlet gas had a carbon dioxide content of 10%.

Rigorous kinetic model considering positional specificity of lipase for enzymatic stepwise hydrolysis of triolein in biphasic oil-water system

A rigorous kinetic model describing the stepwise triglyceride hydrolysis at the oil–water interface, based on the Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism using suspended lipase having positional specificity, was constructed. The preference of the enzyme to cleave to the ester bonds at the edge and the center of the glycerol backbone of the substrates (tri-, di- or monoglyceride) was incorporated in the model. This model was applied to the experimental results for triolein hydrolysis using suspended Porcine pancreatic lipase (an sn-1,3 specific lipase) and Candida rugosa lipase (a non-specific lipase) in a biphasic oil–water system under various operating conditions. In order to discuss the model’s advantages, other models that do not consider the positional specificity of the lipase were also applied to our experimental results. The model considering the positional specificity of the lipase gave results which fit better with the experimental data and described the effect of the initial enzyme concentration, the interfacial area, and the initial concentrations of triolein on the entire process of the stepwise triolein hydrolysis. This model also gives a good representation of the rate for cleaving the respective ester bonds of each substrate by each type of lipase.

Solid State Fermentation using Agroindustrial Wastes to Produce Aspergillus Niger Lipase as a Biocatalyst Immobilized by an Adsorption-crosslinking Method for Biodiesel Synthesis

Although technological advances have fueled the rising demand for lipase as a biocatalyst, commercial availability remains limited and costs prohibitive. To meet this need, an extracellular lipase enzyme from Aspergillus niger can be produced through solid state fermentation (SSF) using agroindustrial wastes including tofu dregs, coconut dregs, and corn bran. These agroindustrial residues still contain nutrients, especially lipids/triglycerides, making them a potential fermentation medium to produce lipase. Lipase with the highest activity level (8.48 U/mL) was obtained using a tofu dreg substrate, 4% inducer concentration, and 9-day fermentation period. This crude lipase extract was then dried with a spray drier and immobilized in a macroporous anion resin using the adsorption-crosslinking method. The immobilized lipase’s activity was assayed by a biodiesel synthesis reaction; it showed 48.3% yield. The immobilized enzymes stability was also tested through four cycles of biodiesel synthesis; in the fourth cycle, the enzyme maintained 84% of its initial activity.

Antiviral activity of Acanthaster planci phospholipase A2 against human immunodeficiency virus

Aim: Investigation of antiviral activity of Acanthaster planci phospholipase A2 (AP-PLA2) from moluccas to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Materials and Methods: Crude venom (CV) and F20 (PLA2 with 20% fractioned by ammonium sulfate) as a sample of PLA 2 obtained from A. planci’s extract were used. Enzymatic activity of PLA2 was determined using the degradation of phosphatidylcholine (PC). Activity test was performed using in vitro method using coculture of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from a blood donor and PBMC from HIV patient. Toxicity test of AP-PLA2 was done using lethal concentration required to kill 50% of the population (LC50). Results: AP-PLA2 F20 had activity and purity by 15.66 times bigger than CV. The test showed that the LC50 of AP-PLA2 is 1.638 mg/ml. Antiviral analysis of AP-PLA2 in vitro showed the inhibition of HIV infection to PBMC. HIV culture with AP-PLA2 and without AP-PLA2 has shown the number of infected PBMC (0.299±0.212% and 9.718±0.802%). Subsequently, RNA amplification of HIV using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction resulted in the decrease of band intensity in gag gene of HIV. Conclusion: This research suggests that AP-PLA2 has the potential to develop as an antiviral agent because in vitro experiment showed its ability to decrease HIV infection in PBMC and the number of HIV ribonucleic acid in culture.

Selection of discrimination marker from various propolis for mapping and identify anti Candida albicans activity

The increase in fungal resistance against antifungal drugs available in the market will reduce the effectiveness of treatment for Candidiasis. Propolis contains various compounds with antifungal properties Candida albicans, but the content of each type is very diverse. The sample used was Sulawesi propolis type smooth (taken from inside the nest), rough (taken from outside the hive) and mix (a combination of both). Anti-C. albicans molecule marker is a marker compound for selecting propolis with the ability to overcome Candidiasis. The initial step was to test the levels of flavonoids and phenolic by using UV-Vis spectrometry method. It was founded that each sample was not always superior to any substance, so propolis cannot be directly selected. In Phenolic content, mix propolis has the highest value than other 5.109%. In Flavonoid content, propolis smooth has the highest value than other, 16.38%. Furthermore, propolis selected by antifungal activity test with good diffusion method at the concentration p...

Microencapsulation of ethanol extract propolis by maltodextrin and freeze-dried preparation

Propolis has been known to have many benefits for human health, such as anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory. Currently in Indonesia there are quite a lot of propolis-based products, such as soap, toothpaste, skin cream, or health products in liquid form. However, there is still no propolis product in powder form. In this research, microencapsulation of propolis using maltodextrin coating with freeze drying method will be done. Propolis powder has been tested for polyphenols and it was found that crude propolis (175 ml : 75 gr) had the highest polyphenols content in powder form, 434,438 µg /mL. Soft propolis (125 ml : 125 gr) has 4.533% of moisture content, which was the lowest result in these study. And also, the soft propolis (125 ml : 125 gr) has the highest solubility in water with 69% as the result. Propolis powder that has the highest solubility can be seen morphology using Scanning Electron Mocroscope (SEM). The result of the SEM test showed that the propolis...

Batch crystallization of rifapentine for inhalable tuberculosis medication

In the midst of Tuberculosis (TB) pandemic, a research about new tuberculosis drug that results in more rapid resolution of tubercular infection is important. It will play a crucial role in accelerating the reductions in tuberculosis incidence that is occurring worldwide. The effectiveness of rifapentine has been assessed and it has been proven to be the most effective antibiotics for TB. A frequent administration and dose of rifapentine resulted in more rapid resolution of tubercular infection. However, based on former research, high exposure levels for treatment shortening may be unachievable with oral administration and might instead be achieved by direct aerosol delivery of rifapentine to the pulmonary site of infection. Therefore, with the growing interest in the effectiveness of rifapentine in frequent administration and dose, this research integrates an inhalable form of crystalline rifapentine prepared using a batch process. Moreover, this research investigates the effect of seed loading, supersat...

Indonesian honey protein isolation Apis dorsata dorsata and Tetragonula sp. as antibacterial and antioxidant agent

Honey is a natural product that has many properties and been widely used for many theurapeutic purposes. Research on honey has been very rapid but not yet for Indonesia. Like local Indonesian honey Apis dorsata dorsata and Tetragonula sp. which has been widely consumed by the public but not yet known for certain efficacy of each content. The function of honey as antibacterial and antioxidant has not been specifically explained by the components contained in honey. Protein is one of the content of honey that turned out to have activity as an antibacterial and antioxidant in certain types of honey because of it antimicrobial peptide. Testing of honey activity as antibacterial and antioxidant through several stages including isolation, SDS-PAGE analysis, Bradford test, antibacterial activity test with well diffusion method and antioxidant activity test by DPPH method. Bacteria used were gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative Escherichia coli. After some experiment finally got protein ...

Antimicrobial activities of pomelo (Citrus maxima) seed and pulp ethanolic extract

Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) seed extract is generally used as naturopathic medications, supplements, antiseptic and disinfecting agents and also as preservatives in food and cosmetics products. In vitro studies have demonstrated that grapefruit seed extract has anti bacterial properties against a range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Indonesian grapefruit, known as pomelo (C. maxima), has similar characteristics, contents and is under the same genus (Citrus) as grapefruit; however it has not been completely utilized as a preservative. In this work we analyze the antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extract of Indonesian pomelo (C. maxima) seeds and pulp compared to the grapefruit (C. paradisi) seeds and pulp ethanolic extract. Ethanolic extracts of pomelo and grapefruit seeds and pulp are investigated for activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The level of antimicrobial effects is established using agar diffusion method. Both of the ethanolic do not show any antimicrobial activities against C. albicans. The ethanolic extract of pomelo seeds and pulp used in this research give positive results with growth inhibition effect on B. subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli. The zones of inhibition ranges from 22 – 30 mm in diameter, which is higher to grapefruit seeds and pulp ethanolic extract (17 – 25 mm). Ethanolic extract of pomelo seeds and pulp has an antimicrobial effect, which makes it a natural preparation for use as an alternative preservative for food and cosmetic.

Selection of propolis Tetragonula sp. extract solvent with flavonoids and polyphenols concentration and antioxidant activity parameters

Antioxidants are inhibitory compounds that can inhibit auto oxidation reaction by binding to free radicals and highly reactive molecules. The human body needs antioxidant. Antioxidants can be obtained from a variety of natural ingredients, including propolis. Propolis is the natural sap of the bees, obtained from the herbs around the honeycomb. Ethanol is the solvent that often used to extract propolis. Although it has many advantages, ethanol also has weaknesses such as intolerance to alcohol by some people. Therefore, this research was to extract propolis Tetragonula sp. coarse (C) and soft (S) using four varieties of organic solvent, i.e. olive oil (OO), virgin coconut oil (VCO), propylene glycol (PG), and lecithin (L). It was expected to get the best solvent in extracting propolis. The selection of the best solvent was determined by total flavonoids and polyphenols content assay and antioxidant activity. At each test, the absorbance value read by a microplate reader. Flavonoids content assay is using ...