Rita Arbianti

Modification of chitosan by using samarium for potential use in drug delivery system

In the presence of hydroxyl and amine groups, chitosan is highly reactive; therefore, it could be used as a carrier in drug delivery. For this study, chitosan-Sm complexes with different concentrations of samarium from 2.5 to 25 wt.% have been successfully synthesized by the impregnation method. Chitosan combined with Sm3+ ions produced a drug carrier material with fluorescence properties; thus, it could also be used as an indicator of drug release with ibuprofen (IBU) as a model drug. We evaluated the spectroscopic and interaction properties of chitosan and Sm3+ ions, the interaction of chitosan-Sm matrices with IBU as a model drug, and the effect of Sm3+ ions addition on the chitosan ability to adsorb the drug. The result showed that the hypersensitive fluorescence intensity of chitosan-Sm (2.5 wt.%) is higher than the others, even though the adsorption efficiency of chitosan-Sm 2.5wt.% is lower (29.75%) than that of chitosan-Sm 25 wt.% (33.04%). Chitosan-Sm 25 wt.% showed the highest efficiency of adsorption of ibuprofen (33.04%). In the release process of ibuprofen from the chitosan-Sm-IBU matrix, the intensity of orange fluorescent properties in the hypersensitive peak of 4G5/2→6H7/2 transition at 590 nm was observed. Fluorescent intensity increased with the cumulative amount of IBU released; therefore, the release of IBU from the Sm-modified chitosan complex can be monitored by the changes in fluorescent intensity.

Preparation of the Edible Biocomposite Film Gelatin/Bacterial Cellulose Microcrystal (BCMC): Variation of Matrix Concentration, Filler, and Sonication Time

Several biodegradable polymers have been explored to develop biodegradable edible films in order to reduce the use of conventional plastics. In this study, edible biocomposite film is made from gelatin filled with Bacterial Cellulose Microcrystal (BCMC). BCMC is produced from nata de coco paste, which is hydrolyzed with cellulase enzyme. In making biocomposite, gelatin matrix is first dissolved in distilled water and then mixed with BCMC filler solution in ultrasonic bath. The solution resulted is then casted and dried in room temperature. The addition of BCMC is proven to improve physical properties, mechanical, and thermal properties of the resulting material. BCMC distribution of SEM showed increasing the tensile strength test results, DSC, and WVTR. When the BCMC concentration was varied from 1-4 wt% of the gelatin mass, tensile strength and glass transition temperature (Tg) increased from 37.07 MPa to 74.04 MPa and 27.520°C to 39.60°C, respectively. Water Vapour Transmission Rate (WVTR) decreased from 37.77 gr.m-2.h-1 to 19.73 gr.m-2.h-1. Tensile test and DSC results also increased when varying the sonication time from 3-6 minutes, from 48.57 MPa to 57.23 MPa and 25.890°C to 37.290°C. WVTR decreased from 36.09 gr.m-2.h-1 to 20.54 gr.m-2.h-1.

Effect of pH, temperature and medium agitation rate in production of AA, DHA, EPA from Aspergillus oryzae with submerged fermentation

There are several substances that needs to be fulfill to keep the brain cell growth such as AA, DHA and EPA. Fungi is one of the alternative source of omega 3, omega 6, omega 9 especially AA, DHA and EPA. This research variates operating condition that is suitable for the growth of Aspergillus oryzae in AA, DHA, and EPA fatty acid production with Submerged Fermentation using synthetic medium. Aspergillus oryzae cultivated in medium using glucose as carbon source and Ammonium sulfate and yeast extract as nitrogen source. The extraction method using ethanol and n-hexane as solvent. The result shows that optimum agitation rate for unsaturated fatty acid production of Aspergillus oryzae is 120 RPM, lipid yield 28,28% and unsaturated fatty acid content 50,36 % and EPA content 2,42 %. Optimum medium pH for PUFA production of Aspergillus oryzae is 6, lipid yield 22,35 % and unsaturated fatty acid content 45,5 %. optimum incubation temperature for unsaturated fatty acid production of Aspergillus oryzae is 25 °C, lipid yield 13,19 % and unsaturated fatty acid content 62,15 %. Unsaturated fatty acids produced from Aspergillus oryzae are oleic, linoleic, linolenic and EPA.

Tapioca and tofu waste utilization to produce AA, DHA, and EPA

Human body has limited ability to synthesize unsaturated fatty acids such as AA, DHA, EPA. These fatty acids are essential for the body. This study initiated the efforts to produce unsaturated fatty acids of microorganisms, with low cost and high percentage. This study used tapioca and tofu waste as a medium for Aspergillus. In addition, this study analyzed the varying of carbon concentration to the maximum lipid production from Aspergillus oryzae and determine the optimum rate of agitation against lipid production from Aspergillus oryzae. The results shows that the optimum composition of AA, DHA, EPA are 0.18% (w / w), 0.33% (w / w), and 2.96% (w/w) respectively in concentration carbon of 9% (w/w) and agitation rate of 120 RPM.

Lipase production from Bacillus subtilis with submerged fermentation using waste cooking oil

Bacterial lipase has been developed lately because of its advantage to produce with large scale. Culture of Bacillus subtilis was grown to produce lipase in Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) using submerged fermentation (SmF) method. The enzyme activity of the culture was improved by using different concentration of inoculum, substrate, nitrogen source, inducer, and Ca2+ ion at 30°C for 84h fermentation. Lipolytic activity of crude lipase was determined using titrimetric method with hydrolysis reaction. Maximum activity of lipase (4.96 U/mL) was found at 5% (v/v) inoculum, 4% (v/v) WCO, 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract, 0.25% (v/v) olive oil, and 10 mM Ca2+ that present in medium culture. Later, the crude lipase has been dried with spray dryer and resulting 17.33 gr of dry lipase powder per 500 mL crude lipase.

The influence of biofilm formation on electricity production from tempe wastewater using tubular membraneless microbial fuel cell reactor

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology can be potentially developed as an alternative energy source since it can convert various substrates from renewable sources into electricity using bacteria as biocatalyst. Tempe wastewater as MFC substrate gives advantages in tempe wastewater treatment and reducing the purchasing cost of bacteria. Currently, the applications of MFCs are still limited due to the relatively low electricity production, so many studies have been conducted to improve the electricity production by MFC. This study focused on investigating the influence of biofilm formation time and the use of macromolecule as additional substrate towards electricity production from MFC system with tubular membranless reactor and tempe wastewater as substrate. This study suggested that biofilm formation on anode could improve the electricity production up to 10-folds while the use of glucose as substrate addition reduce the electricity production up to 60%. The biggest electricity output was obtained from the ...

The effect of adding selective mixed culture of alternative electricity production based on tempe wastewater on tubular microbial fuel cell

Bacteria has long been known could produce electricity. MFC (Microbial Fuel Cell) is a technology that uses bacteria. MFC is potential as producer of alternative renewable energy through the conversion of waste by bacteria into electrical energy. However, this technology cannot reach the target value of the minimum voltage. This research is focused on reviewing the effect of the addition of gram positive and negative bacteria (selective mixed culture) contained in tempe wastewater as well as the optimal volume additions gram using a tubular single chamber membranless reactor. The result shows that the addition of selective mixed culture can increase voltage of MFC. Gram negative bacteria dominate tempe wastewater and has better ability to transfer electrons than gram-positive. The voltage increases with increasing amount of bacteria up to a certain maximum point. Addition of 1 mL gram-negative bacteria improve electrical output and provide the most optimal results of 0.0697 mW/m2 mV or 92.14% excalation a...

Nano-preparation of Andrographis paniculata extract by casein micelle for antidiabetic agent

Side effects caused by oral medications for person with diabetic are the background of the development of alternative treatments by traditional medicine, herbs. Andrographis paniculata (AP) is one of the herbs that is potent to be anti-diabetic agent. The active compound of AP, andrographolide have been examined to have anti-diabetic activity as α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitor. This research aims to encapsulate sambiloto’s extract with casein micelle and produce nanoparticles which have anti-diabetic activity as α-glucosidase inhibitor. Extract of AP is encapsulated by casein micelle and made into nano size using sonicator. The dominant active compounds in AP extract coated by casein are andrographolide, neoandrographolide, 14-deoxy-11,12didehydroandrographolide with encapsulation efficiency of 68.83%, 89.15% and 81.69%, the average diameter of the particles is about 120.57 nm and its loading capacity is 28.85%. AP’s extract has antidiabetic activity as α-glucosidase inhibitor with percent inhibition of 95...

Simultaneous Treatment of Organic (Phenol) and Heavy Metal (Cr6+ or Pt4+) Wastes over TiO2, ZnO-TiO2 and CdS-TiO2 Photocatalysts

Simultaneous Treatment of Organic (Phenol) and Heavy Metal (Cr6+ or Pt4+) Wastes over TiO2, ZnO-TiO2 andCdS-TiO2 Photocatalysts. Treatment of heavy metal (Cr6+ and Pt4+) and organic (phenol) wastes has been studied usingthe relatively new method, i.e. simultaneous photocatalytic process over TiO2 photocatalysts in the batch photoreactor.Following the photocatalytic reduction of the heavy metal wastes, recovery of Cr and Pt was carried out by precipitationand leaching method, respectively. The experimental results show that in the simultaneous photocatalytic system, thereis a synergism effect between the photocatalytic reduction of heavy metal waste (Cr6+ or Pt4+) and the oxidation oforganic waste (phenol), so that increasing the conversion of each other. Dopant of ZnO with the optimum loading (0.5wt%) could slightly increase the performance of TiO2 photocatalyst in photocatalytic treatment of the wastes. WhereasCdS dopant with the optimum loading of 1 wt% could significantly enhance the performance of TiO2 photocatalyst insimultaneous Cr(VI) reduction and phenol oxidation with the highest conversion of ≥ 97 % and 93 %, respectively.Photocatalytic reduction of Pt(IV) under 0.5%ZnO-TiO2 and 1%CdS-TiO2 photocatalysts effectively occurred with ahigh conversion (> 99 %) in 2 hours irradiation of UV. The optimum precipitation condition of Cr(III) recovery wasachieved at pH = 9, with the efficiency of recovery was 91 %. Optimum temperature of leaching process in Pt recovery was 100 oC, with the efficiency of recovery was 86 %.