Antal Penninger

Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Blends: -n-Butanol- Diesel (D2); and Dual Alcohols: n-Butanol-Methanol with Gasoline in Internal Combustion Engines

A study of the effects of oxygenated alcohol/gasoline/diesel fuel blends on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics in conventional reciprocating engines is reported. On the one hand, in alcohol-gasoline blends, dual alcohols-gasoline blends have not yet been sufficiently proven as suitable alternatives to single alcohol-gasoline blends in engines as far as performance is concerned. On the other hand, n-butanoldiesel, although it has a better miscibility factor in diesel than methanol or ethanol, is limited with regard to extensive application in the diesel engines due to its low cetane number. Engine performance was compared using single alcohol-gasoline and dual alcohol-gasoline blends, where the dual blends were constrained to meet the vapor issues regarding fuels and regulations. The blends were selected in terms of a combination by volume of one being higher alcohol (n-butanol) and the other, lower alcohol (methanol). The engines used for this study included a single-cylinder and a four-cylinder, naturally aspirated, four-stroke spark ignition engines and a fourcylinder, four-stroke compression ignition turbocharged diesel engine. In the n-butanoldiesel studies, a comparison was made with other studies in order to determine how suitable n-butanol-diesel blends were across the biofuel family such as the biodieselethanol-diesel blends. The findings were as follows: The dual alcohols-gasoline blends performed better than the single alcohol-gasoline blends depending on certain compositional ratios of the alcohols in gasoline regardless of vapor pressure consideration. The n-butanol/diesel alcohol blend (B5, B10, and B20, where B5 represents 5% nbutanol and 95% diesel) significantly reduced the regulated emissions in a turbocharged engine compared to other studies using biodiesel-diesel blends. The significant decrease in NOx, CO emissions, and reduction of unburned hydrocarbons content using nbutanol/diesel fuel (DF) blends were found experimentally. The use of dual alcohol /

Fuzzy modelling in energetic

Application of fuzzy control in consumer electronics is a daily practice. In energetic there are also promising areas, especially in power industry, air conditioning and heating technology. We attempt to apply fuzzy control technique to small household boilers. A demonstration of this application is presented in this paper. The goal was to keep the outcome temperature of the domestic hot water at a given constant value; meanwhile the temperature of the incoming water was changed. We also examined the effects of the regular and random perturbation in the input mass flow. At last we pointed out some potential possibilities of this development in the increase of the energetic and environmental effectiveness. In the first step, the control algorithm is based on the well-known classic Mamdani approach, because in this system the number of variables is small. However, in further prospective systems we integrate several components and our intention is to use various complexity reduction approaches especially fuzzy rule interpolation techniques. At these complex systems the hierarchical interpolative fuzzy control are reasonable and applicable.