Antonietta Gerardina Sisinni

Dermal exposure assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: in vitro percutaneous penetration from coal dust.

To understand the dermal uptake of chemicals bound to soil and dust, information on the neat substance is helpful but does not seem sufficient. Because of its content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) coal is suspected to be carcinogenic. However, experimental carcinogenity studies on coal dust never succeeded in demonstrating a higher incidence of cancer in treated animals. The aim of the study was to assess dermal penetration through human skin of PAHs from coal dust. A sample of coal dust was grinded and sieved, using the particle size of <30 μm. An in vitro static diffusion cell system validated by in vitro/in vivo comparison has been used to study dermal penetration through human skin of PAHs from coal dust compared with their percutaneous absorption as pure compounds. No percutaneous penetration of PAHs was observed in the cells where coal dust was applied, while dermal penetration was demonstrated for PAHs applied in an acetone solution. Results agree with the literature that PAHs are poorly absorbed through the skin from solids. Dermal risk assessment of PAHs should take into account not only the degree and the extent of skin contamination, but also their bioavailability, which is heavily influenced by the physico-chemical characteristics of the matrix.

Silicosis en trabajadores expuestos a conglomerados artificiales de cuarzo: ¿es distinta a la silicosis crónica simple?

Recently, a number of reports have been published on silicosis in workers exposed to artificial quartz conglomerates containing high levels of crystalline silica particles (70-90%) used in the construction of kitchen and bathroom surfaces. Three cases of silicosis in workers exposed to artificial quartz conglomerates are reported. The diagnosis was derived from both the International Labour Office and the International Classification of HRCT for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Diseases (ICOERD) classifications and cytological analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In 2 cases, levels of respirable silica greatly in excess of recommended standards were measured in the workplace, and cytological analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid highlighted a prevalence of lymphocytes, meeting criteria for the diagnosis of accelerated silicosis. The prevention of pneumoconiosis caused by the use of innovative materials, such as artificial conglomerates with high crystalline silica content must be addressed.

Incidental and Underreported Pleural Plaques at Chest CT: Do Not Miss Them—Asbestos Exposure Still Exists

Pleural plaques (PPs) may be a risk factor for mortality from lung cancer in asbestos-exposed workers and are considered to be a marker of exposure. Diagnosing PPs is also important because asbestos-exposed patients should be offered a health surveillance that is mandatory in many countries. On the other hand PPs are useful for compensation purposes. In this study we aimed to evaluate the prevalence, as incidental findings, and the underreporting rate of PPs in chest CT scans (CTs) performed in a cohort of patients (1512) who underwent chest CT with a slice thickness no more than 1.25 mm. PPs were found in 76 out of 1482 patients (5.1%); in 13 out of 76 (17,1%) CTs were performed because of clinical suspicion of asbestos exposure and 5 of them (38%) were underreported by radiologist. In the remaining 63 cases (82.9%) there was no clinical suspicion of asbestos exposure at the time of CTs (incidental findings) and in 38 of these 63 patients (60.3%) PPs were underreported. Reaching a correct diagnosis of PPs requires a good knowledge of normal locoregional anatomy and rigorous technical approach in chest CT execution. However the job history of the patient should always be kept in mind.

1113 Pleural plaques: markers of asbestos exposure or indipendent risk factor for pleural mesothelioma? a case report

Pleural plaques (PPs) represent the most common non malignant asbestos-related disease. Currently PPs are widely referred as a marker of asbestos exposure and not as an independent risk factor for the development of asbestos-related neoplastic diseases (1). However, the association between PPs and pleural mesothelioma (PM) remains controversial, as some studies on cohorts of asbestos exposed workers have shown correlation between PPs and PM. Despite this, scientific literature is poor. Research has been focused on the relationship between PPs and lung cancer, while there is a lack of studies on the possible relationship between PPs and the development of PM. Case presentation A clinical case of a patient affected by asbestosis and PPs with a history of occupational asbestos exposure is presented. During the follow up a PM was diagnosed at a PP. Conclusions The widespread belief that there is no relationship between PPs and PM is not supported by a vast literature as it happens for the absence of association between PPs and lung cancer. In the patient described it is not possible to determine whether the localization of the PM at a PP is incidental or not and whether the PM can be attributed only to intense exposure or even to the presence of PPs. Similar cases may not be uncommon even if not reported in the literature. References . Maxim LD, Niebo R, Utell MJ. Are pleural plaques an appropriate endpoint for risk analyses?Inhalation Toxicology2015;27:321–334. . Pairon JC, Laurent F, Rinaldo M, Clin B, Andujar P, et al. Pleural plaques and the risk of pleural mesothelioma. JNCI2013;105:293–301. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs513Abstract 334 Table 1 All apps are free of charge Encyclopaedia of prevention The electronic encyclopaedia of prevention is designed to help the user obtain information regarding essential aspects of occupational health and safety in Austria in a concise, comprehensible and well-organised form. Health and safety management The ‘health and safety management’ app was designed as an app to support the gradual introduction to the company´s own health and safety management, for assessing the completeness of health and safety management, for carrying out internal audits and for carrying out health and safety inspections using standardised questionaries’. First Aid – Hand Injuries The app provides an overview of the different types of hand injuries. The user obtains important information regarding what to do in the event of emergency. Illustrations accompany you step-by-step through the first aid procedure. Computer workstation The tablet app ‘Computer workstation’ is based on the field of ergonomics. It is aimed at anybody who works at a computer workstation. The app offers support in setting up this computer workstation in the most ergonomic way possible and provides assistance in detecting any shortcomings. Lifting and carrying This app lets you analyse a person´s lifting and carrying technique. Take a photograph of a person lifting an object with the camera on the smartphone, place a few points on certain parts of the body and then enter the weight of the load and the person´s sex and age. The app will calculate the strain on the intervertebral discs based on this information. This will be shown on a scale and explained. Safety signs The app provides information regarding signs related to health and safety, such signs illustrating hazards, orders, prohibitions and information in the workplace and on the roads. If you are not familiar with a sign, you can simply enter specific criteria in order to find the signs you are searching for with the corresponding description.

Asbestos exposure biomarkers in the follow-up of asbestos-exposed workers

Health surveillance of asbestos exposed workers should be stratified according to the exposure level. Unfortunately there is a lack of information regarding asbestos exposure in many working places and markers of asbestos exposure are often needed. The aim of the study was to assess the reliability of different dose and effect biomarkers in the follow up of asbestos-exposed workers. Mineralogical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as a biomarker of asbestos fibre burden was performed in a population of 307 male subjects occupationally exposed to asbestos. Using nonparametric statistical methods 8 variables were analyzed with respect to asbestos-related diseases and working sectors. The existence of a relationship between serum soluble mesothelin-related peptides (SMRP) and asbestos exposure levels was also investigated. Concentrations of amphiboles, chrysotile and asbestos bodies in BALF were higher in patients with asbestosis as well as in railway industry workers. A correlation between the onset of non malignant asbestos-related diseases and the levels of SMRP concentration was not found. This study confirms that fibre concentration in BALF may be considered as a reliable biomarker of previous asbestos exposure, whereas SMRP does not appear to be influenced by asbestos exposure levels.

Pleural plaques: markers of asbestos exposure or independent risk factor for pleural mesothelioma? A case report of mesothelioma developed on a pleural plaque in a worker with occupational asbestos exposure

Pleural plaques are considered as a markers of asbestos exposure and not as an independent risk factor for the development of asbestos-related neoplastic diseases. However isolated studies showed an association between pleural plaques and malignat pleural mesothelioma. A clinical case of a patient with an history of occupational asbestos exposure affected by asbestosis, pleural plaques and pleural mesothelioma is presented. Correspondence to: Pietro Sartorelli, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Unit of Occupational Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy, Tel: 0577-235510; E-mail: pietro.sartorelli@ unisi.it