Antônio Alves Soares

Produtividade de forrageiras utilizadas em rampas de tratamento de águas residuárias da lavagem e despolpa dos frutos do cafeeiro

Forage grasses were grown in order to select a number of species to be used as vegetative cover on ramps for wastewater treatment. The common rye grass (Lolium multiflorum), common black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) were used and subjected to application of wastewater from the washing and pulping of coffee cherries (ARC) at a rate of 250 kg ha-1 d-1 BOD5 . The same vegetative species were grown as control, and provided with conventional fertilization as well as water from the local supplying system at the same volume as the others. The accumulated productivities of the dry matter were 11.71, 10.04, and 5.04 t ha-1, while those of the raw protein were 1934, 1583 and 875 kg ha-1 for common rye grass, pearl millet and common black oat, respectively. The results allow to conclude that the common rye grass was more appropriate to be used on the ramps of the ARC disposed on soil, since it showed a higher accumulated productivity of dry matter and raw protein as well as a higher number of the grass cuttings apart from a longer use period and a fast recovery after cutting, a satisfactory soil covering and the low weed occurrences.

Características morfogênicas e perfolhamento do Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia irrigado

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes turnos de rega e niveis de irrigacao sobre as caracteristicas morfogenicas e o perfilhamento de Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia. Uma bancada experimental foi montada sob ambiente protegido, onde foram colocados recipientes cultivados com o capim. As irrigacoes foram realizadas com turnos de rega de 1, 4 e 7 dias, e lâminas de irrigacao para restabelecer 50, 75 e 100% da disponibilidade total de agua no solo. A densidade populacional de perfilhos foi obtida por meio de contagem de perfilhos vivos apos cada corte. As caracteristicas morfogenicas foram estudadas por meio da taxa de aparecimento de folhas (TApF), taxa de alongamento de folhas (TAlF) e colmos (TAlC), numero de folhas emergentes (NFEm), expandidas (NFEx) e vivas (NFV). O perfilhamento foi maior para maior nivel de irrigacao. O clima proporcionou maior efeito nas caracteristicas morfogenicas que os tratamentos. Os fatores estudados nao proporcionaram efeito expressivo na TAlC, NFEm, NFEx e NFV.

Avaliação do manejo de irrigação no Perímetro Irrigado de Pirapora, MG

The objective this paper was to evaluate the water management in the Pirapora Irrigation District in the State of Minas Gerais during 1999 to 2000. The irrigation demands of crops were simulated using the soil water balance for the entire district. The water volumes obtained in the simulations were monthly integrated and compared with the water volumes measured in the field by hydrometers. According to the results it may be concluded that, excessive water application occurred in the district, except for the months of January 1999, January, February, March and April 2000, when the crops were sub-irrigated. Thus, it is necessary to implant an irrigation scheduling program to optimize the water use.

Avaliação da eficiência do uso da energia elétrica no Perímetro Irrigado de Pirapora, MG

The efficiency of electrical energy use was evaluated in the Pirapora Irrigation District, during the years of 1999 and 2000. The irrigation demand was simulated based on the soil water balance, considering an optimum irrigation management. The annual average energy consumption index for the irrigation district was determined using the water irrigation volume applied and the energy consumption in the pumping plants. With the simulated water volumes and the mean annual energy consumption index, the energy consumption was simulated for the condition of an ideal irrigation management. The simulated energy consumption was compared with the real one. According to the results it may be concluded that due to excessive water application the energy consumption was high. Thus, a good irrigation management program is needed to optimize the use of water and electrical energy in the Pirapora Irrigation District.

Estimativa da evaporação no açude Banabuiú, no estado do Ceará, por diferentes métodos combinados, derivados da equação de Penman

O Estado do Ceara possui 75% do territorio abrangido pelo semiarido brasileiro, com suas caracteristicas peculiares. Nesse Estado, acudes constituem-se em estrutura hidrica de importância estrategica, garantindo, no tempo e no espaco, o desenvolvimento e o abastecimento hidrico das populacoes. No entanto, a construcao de reservatorios implica varios impactos que devem ser cuidadosamente observados no momento de decidir pela sua execucao. Um dos impactos apontados como negativo e o aumento da evaporacao, que se constitui em um dos principais componentes do balanco hidrico nos reservatorios, sobretudo em regioes aridas. Varios metodos de estimativa da evaporacao foram propostos ao longo do tempo, muitos deles derivados da equacao de Penman. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados seis diferentes metodos de estimativa da evaporacao a fim de determinar qual o mais adequado para utilizacao em modelos hidrologicos para o balanco hidrico em reservatorios no Estado do Ceara. Os metodos avaliados foram os propostos por Penman, Kohler-Nordenson-Fox, Priestley-Taylor, deBruim-Keijman, Brutsaert-Stricker e deBruim, os quais apresentaram otimo desempenho quando testados para o balanco hidrico durante a estacao seca, sendo o de Priestley-Taylor o mais adequado, uma vez que os dados do balanco hidrico simulado com a componente evaporacao estimada por este metodo foram os mais proximos dos dados do balanco hidrico observado a partir das medidas de nivel do reservatorio e da curva cota-volume fornecidos pela Companhia de Gestao dos Recursos Hidricos do Estado do Ceara - COGERH.

Tarifa binômia para o custo de água pressurizada em perímetros irrigados

In irrigation districts, the variable cost tariff have being depended only on the amount of water consumed, and not in the energy and the demand for electric power to supply the water pressure and flow rate recommended by the irrigation system. This way of charge the irrigation water is nonsense, since the less efficient participants subsidized the more efficient ones. Thus, this work proposes that the water tariffs not only consider the amount of water consumed in the month, but also the pressure, since the hydraulic power demand is a function of the product of flow rate times the pressure. The study compared the water cost for participants that consume the same amount monthly for the present situation and the proposed methodology. It was verified, also, the effect of isolated irrigations or simultaneous ones and their implications on the water costs. The results showed that the implementation water tariff that charges the volume of water may reduce the costs for the participants at low pressures up to 66%. On the other hand, high pressure participants may have their water bill increased up to 133%. The simultaneity on the water use also influences its cost due to electrical power demand variation.

Remoção de sólidos suspensos e totais em biofiltros operando com esgoto doméstico primário para reuso na agricultura

Removal of suspended and total solids in biofilters operating with primary domestic sewage for reuse in agriculture This study aimed to evaluate the removal of suspended and total solids in biofilters filled with composted waste, sugar cane bagasse and sawdust submitted to the application rates of domestic sewage of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m 3 m -2 d -1 in Vicosa-MG. An experimental test unit was set up in experimental area of the Federal University of Vicosa. The concentrations of suspended and total solids were determined monthly during a period of 153 days. The experiment was arranged in a split split plot design, with the application rates of domestic sewage in the plots, the types of organic material in the splitplots and evaluation period in the split-splitplots, in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results indicated that the biofilter provided removal of suspended and total solids up to 82 and 46%

Georeferenced database generation with the purpose of hydrologic molding in reservoirs of the hydrographic basin of Jaguaribe river in the state of Ceará, Brazil

The edafoclimatic conditions of the Brazilian semiarid region favor the water loss by surface runoff. The state of Ceara, almost completely covered by semiarid, has developed public policies for the construction of dams in order to attend the varied water demand. Several hydrological models were developed to support decisive processes in the complex management of reservoirs. This study aimed to establish a methodology for obtaining a georeferenced database suitable for use as input data in hydrological modeling in the semiarid of Ceara. It was used images of Landsat satellite and SRTM Mission, and soil maps of the state of Ceara. The Landsat images allowed the determination of the land cover and the SRTM Mission images, the automatic delineation of hydrographic basins. The soil type was obtained through the soil map. The database was obtained for Jaguaribe River hydrographic basin, in the state of Ceara, and is applicable to hydrological modeling based on the Curve Number method for estimating the surface runoff.