Antonio Carlos Webber

Floral scent compounds of Amazonian Annonaceae species pollinated by small beetles and thrips.

Chemical analysis (GC-MS) yielded a total of 58 volatile compounds in the floral scents of six species of Annonaceae distributed in four genera (Xylopia, Anaxagorea, Duguetia, and Rollinia), Xylopia aromatica is pollinated principally by Thysanoptera and secondarily by small beetles (Nitidulidae and Staphylinidae), whereas the five other species were pollinated by Nitidulidae and Staphylinidae only. Although the six Annonaceae species attract a similar array of pollinator groups, the major constituents of their floral scents are of different biochemical origin. The fragrances of flowers of Anaxagorea brevipes and Anaxagorea dolichocarpa were dominated by esters of aliphatic acids (ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate), which were not detected in the other species. Monoterpenes (limonene, p-cymene, alpha-pinene) were the main scent compounds of Duguetia asterotricha, and naphthalene prevailed in the scent of Rollinia insignis flowers. The odors of X. aromatica and Xylopia benthamii flowers were dominated by high amounts of benzenoids (methylbenzoate, 2-phenylethyl alcohol).

A polinização e sua relação com a termogênese em espécies de Arecaceae e Annonaceae da Amazônia Central

The present study is a comparison of the flower biology and pollination of some thermogenic species of palms and Annonaceae. In the palms eleven representatives of the genera Astrocaryum, Attalea, Bactris, and Oenocarpus, and in the Annonaceae nine representatives of the genera Anaxagorea, Duguetia, and Xylopia were studied in the region of Manaus (AM). All the studied palm species are monoecious and the anthesis of their inflorescences occurs at night during a period which varies from two days to five weeks. The investigated species of the Annonaceae are protogynous with the anthesis of a single flower lasting for two days and occurring at night or during the day. Flower visiting insects are attracted by strong odours which are intensified through thermogenesis. The species-specific odours range from fruit-like to unpleasant and pungent. Most of the flower visiting insects are beetles of the families Scarabaeidae, Nitidulidae, Staphylinidae, Curculionidae, and Chrysomelidae, and additionally thrips and drosophilid flies. Further insects which visit the flowers are bees, wasps, ants, and other fly groups. However, palms and Annonaceae with thermogenic flowers most frequently showed beetle pollination. It is notable that flowers of some species of both families were visited bythe same families and even species of beetles, which might be due to similar morphological and physiological adaptations of the flowers, including production of similar odour components.

Biologia floral e polinização de Aechmea beeriana (Bromeliaceae) em vegetação de baixio na Amazônia Central.

The present study refers to the floral biology, pollination, breeding system, and phenology of Aechmea beeriana Smith & Spencer. The study was carried out in the region near Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. A. beeriana occurs mainly as an epiphyte at different heights, usually in shaded places. It is adapted to ornithophily, with daytime anthesis and showy inflorescences. Anthesis lasts one day and the flowers are homogamic. The individuals are self-incompatible. Three hummingbird species, Phaethornis superciliosus, P. bourcieri and Thalurania furcata (Trochilinae) are considered the main pollinators. The species presented a sub-annual flowering pattern, with 94,8% of the individuals flowering mainly between the months of August and December, i.e., from the mid dry season to the early rainy season. Shoots and new leaves developed during the whole year.

Pollination biology of Eulophia alta (Orchidaceae) in Amazonia: effects of pollinator composition on reproductive success in different populations.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Spatial variation in pollinator composition and abundance is a well-recognized phenomenon. However, a weakness of many studies claiming specificity of plant-pollinator interactions is that they are often restricted to a single locality. The aim of the present study was to investigate pollinator effectiveness of the different flower visitors to the terrestrial orchid Eulophia alta at three different localities and to analyse whether differences in pollinator abundance and composition effect this plants reproductive success. METHODS Natural pollination was observed in vivo, and manipulative experiments were used to study the pollination biology and breeding system of E. alta at three sites near Manaus, Brazil. To gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of pollinator attraction, nectar composition and secretion patterns were also studied, floral scent composition was analysed and a bioassay was conducted. KEY RESULTS Flower visitors, pollinator composition, pollinia transfer efficiency of particular pollinator species and natural fruit set differed among the investigated populations of E. alta. Flowers were self-compatible, partially autogamous and effectively pollinated by five bee species (four Centris species and Xylocopa muscaria). Visiting insects appeared to imbibe small amounts of hexose-rich nectar. Nectar sugar content was highest on the third day after flower opening. Floral fragrance analyses revealed 42 compounds, of which monoterpenes and benzenoids predominated. A bioassay using floral parts revealed that only floral tissue from the labellum chamber and labellum tip was attractive to flower visitors. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that observed differences in reproductive success in the three populations cannot be explained by absolute abundance of pollinators alone. Due to behavioural patterns such as disturbance of effective pollinators on flowers by male Centris varia bees defending territory, pollinia transfer efficiencies of particular pollinator species also vary between study sites and result in differing reproductive success.

Limitação de polinizadores e mecanismo de autoincompatibilidade de ação tardia como causas da baixa formação de frutos em duas espécies simpátricas de Inga (Fabaceae – Mimosoideae) na Amazônia Central

Resumo Foram estudados os sistemas reprodutivos de Inga edulis Mart. e Inga stipularis D.C. em uma area de floresta, localizada na Fazenda Experimental da UFAM, Manaus, AM, entre novembro/2006 a novembro/2007. Os resultados mostraram que as especies nao formam frutos a partir de autopolinizacoes e que o percentual de frutos provenientes de polinizacoes cruzadas em I. edulis (5%) e I. stipularis (21%) e superior ao da polinizacao natural (controle), 1% e 7%, respectivamente. As analises de tubos polinicos, provenientes de autopolinizacoes e de polinizacao cruzada revelaram que apenas uma pequena fracao atinge os ovulos de I. edulis apos 8 e 12 horas e os de I. stipularis 24 horas apos a polinizacao. Alem disso, encontra-se um maior percentual de tubos penetrando os ovulos de I. edulis . A chegada dos tubos nos ovulos oriundos de autopolinizacoes e de polinizacoes cruzadas e semelhante nas duas especies. Os baixos indices de formacao de frutos em I. edulis e I. stipularis provavelmente decorrem do elevado indice de geitonogamia promovido pelos polinizadores e pela autoincompatibilidade de acao tardia. Pollinator limitation and late-acting self-incompatibility mechanism as causes of low fruit set in two sympatric species of Inga (Fabaceae – Mimosoideae) in the Central Amazon Abstract The breeding system of Inga edulis Mart. and Inga stipularis D.C. was studied in an area of forest, located in the UFAM Experimental Farm, Manaus, AM, from November/2006 to November/2007. The results showed that both species do not set fruit from self-pollination and that the percentage of fruit set proceeding from cross-pollination in I. edulis (5%) and I. stipularis (21%) is superior to the natural pollination (control), 1% and 7%, respectively. The analyses of pollen tube, originating from self-pollination and cross-pollination, reveal that a small fraction reaches the ovules of I. edulis after 8 and 12 hours, and in I. stipularis 24 hours after pollinations. In addition there is a greater percentile of tubes penetrating in the ovules of I. edulis . The arrival speed of the tubes in the ovules deriving from self-pollination and cross-pollination is similar in both species. The low indices of fruit set in I. edulis and I. stipularis probably is a result from the raised index of geitonogamy promoted by the pollinators and the late-acting self-incompatibility.

Biologia reprodutiva de Psychotria spectabilis Steyrm. e Palicourea cf. virens (Poepp & Endl.) Standl. (Rubiaceae) em uma floresta tropical úmida na região de Manaus, AM, Brasil

This study describes the reproductive phenology, floral biology, pollination and reproductive success of Psychotria spectabilis and Palicourea cf. virens. Psychotria spectabilis flowered from September to December while P. cf. virens flowered from May to October. The terminal inflorescence of Psychotria spectabilis is of the capitate type with yellow bracts, white flowers and heterostyly associated with differences of stigmatic papillae. The terminal inflorescence of Palicourea cf. virens is a corymb with yellow, homostylous flowers. Flower resources include nectar and pollen for both species. The hummingbirds Phaethornis bourcieri and the male of Thalurania furcata were the main floral visitors of Psychotria spectabilis. Palicourea cf. virens was also visited by T. furcata, but the female was the main visitor. Trigona fulviventris visited flowers of both species, but was considered a thief. Pre-emergent reproductive success (PERS) of these two species was low, although they showed high reproductive potential.

Pollination of Pagamea duckei Standl. (Rubiaceae): a functionally dioecious species

The floral biology, pollination and breeding system of Pagamea duckei Standl. (Rubiaceae) were studied at the Reserva Biologica da Campina, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Floral morphology suggested that P. duckei is a distylous species. However, crossing experiments revealed that it is functionally dioecious. The flowers are actinomorphic, yellowish, produce nectar and a sweet odor, which is more intense in the morning. Anthesis started in the morning between 5.00 and 6.00 AM and extended until dusk, when the corolla tube abscissed. The flowers were visited mostly by bees of the genus Melipona. Pagamea duckei is not agamospermic and thus needs pollen vectors for effective pollination. The results of this study strengthen the idea that, in Pagamea, species with distylous flower morphology are actually functionally dioecious.