Antonio Luiz Rodrigues Júnior

Características do uso de métodos anticoncepcionais no Estado de São Paulo

OBJECTIVE: To analyze data on contraceptive use in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, collected by the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in 1996. METHODS: The study data were compared to 1986 DHS and 1996 data on the Brazilian population. Contraceptive use among married or cohabiting women was evaluated focusing on age, number of children, schooling, and age and timing of female sterilization. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t-test and Kendalls non-parametric test. RESULTS: Unlike data on the Brazilian population, female sterilization rates were steady in the State of Sao Paulo during the studied period. The same contraceptive pattern is seen in both Brazil and Sao Paulo: women aged up to 30 years use largely pills; female sterilization predominates in women over 30, increasing with the number of children and decreasing with years of schooling. Male methods have also increased in recent years, being greater in Sao Paulo than in Brazil. Sao Paulo also shows a greater variety of reversible contraceptive methods. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were some differences, the prevalence of only two contraceptive methods in both Brazil and Sao Paulo suggests a tendency regarding the contraceptive methods offered and in reproductive health in the view of new regulations on family planning.OBJETIVO: Analisar dados coletados pela Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saude, de 1996, sobre o uso de metodos anticoncepcionais no Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. METODOS: Os dados obtidos foram analisados comparativamente com os do Brasil e com os de outra pesquisa similar realizada em 1986. Foi examinado o uso de metodos anticoncepcionais entre mulheres nao-solteiras (casadas ou em coabitacao), focalizando-se idade, numero de filhos, escolaridade, idade na esterilizacao feminina e momento da esterilizacao. Para analise estatistica, utilizaram-se o teste t-Student e o teste nao-parametrico de Kendall. RESULTADOS: Diferentemente do Brasil, houve estabilizacao dos indices de esterilizacao feminina no Estado de Sao Paulo no periodo estudado. Observou-se um mesmo padrao de uso de metodos no Brasil e em Sao Paulo: ate os 30 anos, o metodo predominante foi a pilula; e, depois dos 30 anos, predominou a esterilizacao feminina, que aumenta com o numero de filhos e diminui com a escolaridade. O uso de metodos masculinos aumentou nos ultimos anos, sendo maior em Sao Paulo, que tambem apresenta maior diversidade no uso de metodos reversiveis. CONCLUSOES: Apesar das diferencas, o uso predominante de apenas dois metodos anticoncepcionais, em Sao Paulo e no Brasil, reflete distorcoes na oferta do planejamento familiar e na saude reprodutiva no contexto da nova regulamentacao do planejamento familiar.

Spatial analysis of leprosy incidence and associated socioeconomic factors

OBJECTIVE To identify clusters of the major occurrences of leprosy and their associated socioeconomic and demographic factors. METHODS Cases of leprosy that occurred between 1998 and 2007 in São José do Rio Preto (southeastern Brazil) were geocodified and the incidence rates were calculated by census tract. A socioeconomic classification score was obtained using principal component analysis of socioeconomic variables. Thematic maps to visualize the spatial distribution of the incidence of leprosy with respect to socioeconomic levels and demographic density were constructed using geostatistics. RESULTS While the incidence rate for the entire city was 10.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants annually between 1998 and 2007, the incidence rates of individual census tracts were heterogeneous, with values that ranged from 0 to 26.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Areas with a high leprosy incidence were associated with lower socioeconomic levels. There were identified clusters of leprosy cases, however there was no association between disease incidence and demographic density. There was a disparity between the places where the majority of ill people lived and the location of healthcare services. CONCLUSIONS The spatial analysis techniques utilized identified the poorer neighborhoods of the city as the areas with the highest risk for the disease. These data show that health departments must prioritize politico-administrative policies to minimize the effects of social inequality and improve the standards of living, hygiene, and education of the population in order to reduce the incidence of leprosy.OBJECTIVE: To identify clusters of the major occurrences of leprosy and their associated socioeconomic and demographic factors. METHODS: Cases of leprosy that occurred between 1998 and 2007 in Sao Jose do Rio Preto (southeastern Brazil) were geocodifi ed and the incidence rates were calculated by census tract. A socioeconomic classifi cation score was obtained using principal component analysis of socioeconomic variables. Thematic maps to visualize the spatial distribution of the incidence of leprosy with respect to socioeconomic levels and demographic density were constructed using geostatistics. RESULTS: While the incidence rate for the entire city was 10.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants annually between 1998 and 2007, the incidence rates of individual census tracts were heterogeneous, with values that ranged from 0 to 26.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Areas with a high leprosy incidence were associated with lower socioeconomic levels. There were identifi ed clusters of leprosy cases, however there was no association between disease incidence and demographic density. There was a disparity between the places where the majority of ill people lived and the location of healthcare services. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial analysis techniques utilized identifi ed the poorer neighborhoods of the city as the areas with the highest risk for the disease. These data show that health departments must prioritize politico-administrative policies to minimize the effects of social inequality and improve the standards of living, hygiene, and education of the population in order to reduce the incidence of leprosy.

Rastreamento da função cognitiva de idosos não-institucionalizados

This study aimed to evaluate the cognitive function of elderly people and determine the frequency of cognitive impairment, stratified by age, education, hobby, social relationship, informed chronic diseases and depression. In a random sample of 394 elderly aged over 60 years in the city of Batatais, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, was administered a questionnaire on socioeconomic conditions, health and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). To track the cognitive impairment, we used the MMSE - Mini Mental State Examination modified. In the assessment of cognitive performance, we used a cutoff point of 23. It was observed that 81.7% of the subjects were above this point and 18.3% were below. The elderly who had higher scores were associated with factors such as age (60-69 years), educational level, reading habits, good social relations, especially with family and no hypertension, diabetes, urinary incontinence, cataracts and/or depressive symptoms. The global cognitive performance of older people assessed by the tool based on the MMSE showed that those with socres below the cutoff point had a similar proportion to that found in other studies.

Estudo das queixas sobre saúde bucal em uma população de idosos na cidade de Ribeirão Preto-SP

A survey about oral health complaints can be used as an indicator to study the health needs in a specific elderly group. In this context, the present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the most frequent complaints of elderly concerning oral cavity conditions, and associated with age, gender and schooling. In an elderly population enrolled at a Family Health Nucleus, interviews were carried out with a structured household survey for data collection. A bivariate statistical analysis was conducted. The interviewed population was mostly represented by 65.5% of female elderly. Most of the population was 60 to 69 years old (46.7%), with low schooling. There were almost the same frequencies of complaints in both sexes. The most frequent complaints were halitosis, dry mouth and problems related to temporomandibular joint. There was no statistical significance between complaints and age, but there was statistical significance association between halitosis and schooling (p=0.011). The results suggested that self-perception of oral health conditions were essential to some oral health complaints, and there is a lot to study about this issue. This study showed that there was a large number of complaints of elders involving different oral organs as joints and glands.

Urinary Excretion of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1: A Biomarker of Active Tubulointerstitial Damage in Patients with Glomerulopathies

Background/Aims: The urinary concentration of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (uMCP-1) chemokine is increased in several proteinuric and/or inflammatory renal diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the association between uMCP-1 and renal function, proteinuria, glomerular and interstitial macrophage infiltration, and renal fibrosis in patients with primary and secondary glomerulopathies diagnosed by renal biopsy. Methods: Thirty-seven patients aged 32.6 ± 7.7 years were studied. uMCP-1 was determined by ELISA. Renal macrophage expression (CD68 positive cells) is reported as number of macrophages/104 µm2 of the cortical tubulointerstitial (TI) area or of glomerular capillary tuft area. Cortical interstitial fibrosis was quantitated by PicroSirius red staining under polarized light by a computerized manner. Results: The uMCP-1 ratio (pg/ml/urinary creatinine mg/ml) was positively correlated (Spearman coefficient) with proteinuria (r = 0.4629; p < 0.005) and number of macrophages in the cortical TI area (r = 0.64; p = 0.0005), and negatively correlated with creatinine clearance (r = –0.4877; p < 0.001). The uMCP-1 ratio was not significantly correlated with number of macrophages/glomerular capillary tuft area (r = 0.27; p = 0.19) or with percent cortical interstitial fibrosis (r = 0.08; p = 0.62). Conclusions: The uMCP-1 excretion is a biomarker of the inflammatory activity of the TI area, and does not reflect chronic interstitial damage.

Uso de descritores de dispneia desenvolvidos no Brasil em pacientes com doenças cardiorrespiratórias ou obesidade

OBJECTIVE: To develop a set of descriptive terms applied to the sensation of dyspnea (dyspnea descriptors) for use in Brazil and to investigate the usefulness of these descriptors in four distinct clinical conditions that can be accompanied by dyspnea. METHODS: We collected 111 dyspnea descriptors from 67 patients and 10 health professionals. These descriptors were analyzed and reduced to 15 based on their frequency of use, similarity of meaning, and potential pathophysiological value. Those 15 descriptors were applied in 50 asthma patients, 50 COPD patients, 30 patients with heart failure, and 50 patients with class II or III obesity. The three best descriptors, as selected by the patients, were studied by cluster analysis. Potential associations between the identified clusters and the four clinical conditions were also investigated. RESULTS: The use of this set of descriptors led to a solution with seven clusters, designated sufoco (suffocating), aperto (tight), rapido (rapid), fadiga (fatigue), abafado (stuffy), trabalho/inspiracao (work/inhalation), and falta de ar (shortness of breath). Overlapping of descriptors was quite common among the patients, regardless of their clinical condition. Asthma was significantly associated with the sufoco and trabalho/inspiracao clusters, whereas COPD and heart failure were associated with the sufoco, trabalho/inspiracao, and falta de ar clusters. Obesity was associated only with the falta de ar cluster. CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, patients who are accustomed to perceiving dyspnea employ various descriptors in order to describe the symptom, and these descriptors can be grouped into similar clusters. In our study sample, such clusters showed no usefulness in differentiating among the four clinical conditions evaluated.

Uso de descritores de dispneia traduzidos da língua inglesa em pacientes com doenças cardiorrespiratórias ou obesidade

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the usefulness of descriptive terms applied to the sensation of dyspnea (dyspnea descriptors) that were developed in English and translated to Brazilian Portuguese in patients with four distinct clinical conditions that can be accompanied by dyspnea. METHODS: We translated, from English to Brazilian Portuguese, a list of 15 dyspnea descriptors reported in a study conducted in the USA. Those 15 descriptors were applied in 50 asthma patients, 50 COPD patients, 30 patients with heart failure, and 50 patients with class II or III obesity. The three best descriptors, as selected by the patients, were studied by cluster analysis. Potential associations between the identified clusters and the four clinical conditions were also investigated. RESULTS: The use of this set of descriptors led to a solution with nine clusters, designated expiracao (exhalation), fome de ar (air hunger), sufoco (suffocating), superficial (shallow), rapido (rapid), aperto (tight), falta de ar (shortness of breath), trabalho (work), and inspiracao (inhalation). Overlapping of the descriptors was quite common among the patients, regardless of their clinical condition. Asthma, COPD, and heart failure were significantly associated with the inspiracao cluster. Heart failure was also associated with the trabalho cluster, whereas obesity was not associated with any of the clusters. CONCLUSIONS: In our study sample, the application of dyspnea descriptors translated from English to Portuguese led to the identification of distinct clusters, some of which were similar to those identified in a study conducted in the USA. The translated descriptors were less useful than were those developed in Brazil regarding their ability to generate significant associations among the clinical conditions investigated here.

Long-term chlorhexidine effect on bond strength to Er:YAG laser irradiated-dentin.

This study evaluates the bond strength of dentin prepared with Er:YAG laser or bur, after rewetting with chlorhexidine on long‐term artificial saliva storage and thermocycling. One hundred and twenty human third molars were sectioned in order to expose the dentin surface (n = 10). The specimens were randomly divided in 12 groups according to treatment and aging: Er:YAG laser rewetting with deionized water (LW) and 24 h storage in artificial saliva (WC); LW and 6 months of artificial saliva storage + 12.000 thermocycling (6M), LW and 12 months of artificial saliva storage + 24.000 thermocycling (12M), Er:YAG laser rewetting with 2% chlorhexidine (LC) and WC, LC and 6M, LC and 12M, bur on high‐speed turbine rewetting with deionized water (TW) and WC, TW6M, TW12M, bur on high‐speed turbine + 2% chlorhexidine (TC) and WC, TC and 6M, TC and12M. The specimens were etched with 35% phosphoric acid, washed, and dried with air. Single Bond 2 adhesive was applied and the samples were restored with a composite. Each tooth was sectioned in order to obtain 4 sticks, which were submitted to microtensile bond strength test (µTBS). The two‐way ANOVA, showed no significant differences for the interaction between the factors and for the aging factor. Tukey 5% showed that the LC group had the lowest µTBS. The rewetting with chlorhexidine negatively influenced the bond strength of the preparation with the Er:YAG laser. The artificial saliva aging and thermocycling did not interfere with dentin bond strength. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:37–43, 2014.

Análise espacial da incidência de hanseníase e fatores socioeconômicos associados

OBJECTIVE To identify clusters of the major occurrences of leprosy and their associated socioeconomic and demographic factors. METHODS Cases of leprosy that occurred between 1998 and 2007 in São José do Rio Preto (southeastern Brazil) were geocodified and the incidence rates were calculated by census tract. A socioeconomic classification score was obtained using principal component analysis of socioeconomic variables. Thematic maps to visualize the spatial distribution of the incidence of leprosy with respect to socioeconomic levels and demographic density were constructed using geostatistics. RESULTS While the incidence rate for the entire city was 10.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants annually between 1998 and 2007, the incidence rates of individual census tracts were heterogeneous, with values that ranged from 0 to 26.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Areas with a high leprosy incidence were associated with lower socioeconomic levels. There were identified clusters of leprosy cases, however there was no association between disease incidence and demographic density. There was a disparity between the places where the majority of ill people lived and the location of healthcare services. CONCLUSIONS The spatial analysis techniques utilized identified the poorer neighborhoods of the city as the areas with the highest risk for the disease. These data show that health departments must prioritize politico-administrative policies to minimize the effects of social inequality and improve the standards of living, hygiene, and education of the population in order to reduce the incidence of leprosy.OBJECTIVE: To identify clusters of the major occurrences of leprosy and their associated socioeconomic and demographic factors. METHODS: Cases of leprosy that occurred between 1998 and 2007 in Sao Jose do Rio Preto (southeastern Brazil) were geocodifi ed and the incidence rates were calculated by census tract. A socioeconomic classifi cation score was obtained using principal component analysis of socioeconomic variables. Thematic maps to visualize the spatial distribution of the incidence of leprosy with respect to socioeconomic levels and demographic density were constructed using geostatistics. RESULTS: While the incidence rate for the entire city was 10.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants annually between 1998 and 2007, the incidence rates of individual census tracts were heterogeneous, with values that ranged from 0 to 26.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Areas with a high leprosy incidence were associated with lower socioeconomic levels. There were identifi ed clusters of leprosy cases, however there was no association between disease incidence and demographic density. There was a disparity between the places where the majority of ill people lived and the location of healthcare services. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial analysis techniques utilized identifi ed the poorer neighborhoods of the city as the areas with the highest risk for the disease. These data show that health departments must prioritize politico-administrative policies to minimize the effects of social inequality and improve the standards of living, hygiene, and education of the population in order to reduce the incidence of leprosy.

Análisis espacial de la incidencia de lepra y factores socioeconómicos asociados

OBJECTIVE To identify clusters of the major occurrences of leprosy and their associated socioeconomic and demographic factors. METHODS Cases of leprosy that occurred between 1998 and 2007 in São José do Rio Preto (southeastern Brazil) were geocodified and the incidence rates were calculated by census tract. A socioeconomic classification score was obtained using principal component analysis of socioeconomic variables. Thematic maps to visualize the spatial distribution of the incidence of leprosy with respect to socioeconomic levels and demographic density were constructed using geostatistics. RESULTS While the incidence rate for the entire city was 10.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants annually between 1998 and 2007, the incidence rates of individual census tracts were heterogeneous, with values that ranged from 0 to 26.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Areas with a high leprosy incidence were associated with lower socioeconomic levels. There were identified clusters of leprosy cases, however there was no association between disease incidence and demographic density. There was a disparity between the places where the majority of ill people lived and the location of healthcare services. CONCLUSIONS The spatial analysis techniques utilized identified the poorer neighborhoods of the city as the areas with the highest risk for the disease. These data show that health departments must prioritize politico-administrative policies to minimize the effects of social inequality and improve the standards of living, hygiene, and education of the population in order to reduce the incidence of leprosy.OBJECTIVE: To identify clusters of the major occurrences of leprosy and their associated socioeconomic and demographic factors. METHODS: Cases of leprosy that occurred between 1998 and 2007 in Sao Jose do Rio Preto (southeastern Brazil) were geocodifi ed and the incidence rates were calculated by census tract. A socioeconomic classifi cation score was obtained using principal component analysis of socioeconomic variables. Thematic maps to visualize the spatial distribution of the incidence of leprosy with respect to socioeconomic levels and demographic density were constructed using geostatistics. RESULTS: While the incidence rate for the entire city was 10.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants annually between 1998 and 2007, the incidence rates of individual census tracts were heterogeneous, with values that ranged from 0 to 26.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Areas with a high leprosy incidence were associated with lower socioeconomic levels. There were identifi ed clusters of leprosy cases, however there was no association between disease incidence and demographic density. There was a disparity between the places where the majority of ill people lived and the location of healthcare services. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial analysis techniques utilized identifi ed the poorer neighborhoods of the city as the areas with the highest risk for the disease. These data show that health departments must prioritize politico-administrative policies to minimize the effects of social inequality and improve the standards of living, hygiene, and education of the population in order to reduce the incidence of leprosy.