Antonio Roazzi

Avaliação da habilidade de resolução temporal, com uso do tom puro, em crianças com e sem desvio fonológico

PURPOSE: to check the performance of temporal processes ability in children with phonological disorders. METHODS: the study took place in a private university of Recife and the participants were 36 volunteers, with ages varying from 6 to 9, of both genders and divided into two groups, with phonological disorders (experimental) and a control one. The data was collected using the RGDT (Keith) and the analysis made with the SPSS 13 by descriptive statistical techniques. RESULTS: the results show higher levels of Gaps detection on the experimental; the difference between the groups was statistically significant for each frequency tested; there was no influence of the variables: periodicity, gender, age, school level; the speech therapy was not a determinant factor; the main referred learning difficulties were reading and comprehension problems. CONCLUSION: children with phonological disorders can present temporal processes disorders and need more time for intervals detection between auditory stimulations. In a generalized manner, in both groups, there was no difference as for the variable periodicity, gender, age, pertaining to school series or occurrence of speech treatment. The learning complaints can be found in children who have phonological and temporal processes disorders at the same time.

O lúdico e suas implicações nas estratégias de regulação das emoções em crianças hospitalizadas

The present study aimed to investigate if play resources modify the strategies used by hospitalized children to cope with emotions of anger and sadness. Thirty-six 6-and 10-years old children, divided into two control groups, inside and outside the hospital, and one experimental group (inside the hospital), were assessed. They were all submitted to pre and post tests that analysed how these children justified ways to stop feeling angry and sad in a hospitalization situation. In only one of the groups a play activity was developed with suggestions for more elaborated strategies. The results showed that strategies varied according to play activity; that there were no observed variations according to age and gender; that testing itself was considered a play activity and may enable changes in hospitalized children.

MMORPGS and cognitive performance: A study with 1280 Brazilian high school students

The present paper attempts to empirically study the cognitive impacts of Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) in uncontrolled contexts in light of the Cognitive Mediation Networks Theory, a new model of human intelligence that aims to explain cognition as the result of brain activity combined with the information-processing done by external structures such as tools, social groups and culture. A sample of 1280 students Brazilian high school students answered a form inquiring about socio-demographic information plus the use of computer games, and also was submitted to a short knowledge exam and a mini psychometric test. The findings indicated that, due to their underlying structure and sociocultural nature, MMORPGs are associated to a greater level of insertion into the Digital Age, higher levels of logical-numerical performance, and better scholastic ability. Finally, suggestions are made for future studies on the subject.

Avaliação da interação de crianças em pátios de escolas infantis: uma abordagem da psicologia ambiental

The physical-spatial aspects of environments and their relation to subjectivity and human behavior have been increasingly studied by psychologists. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between playgrounds of two public preschools of Porto Alegre and the interaction of 50 5 to 6 year-old children who were enrolled in these schools. Children were observed at the playgrounds, which presented differences in terms of area (size), density and materials. The interaction states observed were related to types of play and toys used. Results drawn from quantitative analyses showed that children established more associative and parallel interaction states in the large playground, and unoccupied and solitary in the small playground. As for the type of toy, the association of this aspect with the interaction in the large playground was smaller than in the small one. A higher association between interactions and types of play in the small playground was found. The study shows that concerning environmental aspects the large playground favors a variety of interactions states.

Reasoning From Unfamiliar Premises: A Study With Unschooled Adults

A long tradition of research initiated by Luria in the 1930s has established that unschooled adults perform poorly on reasoning tasks. Particularly when the premises are unfamiliar, they adopt an inappropriate empirical bias. However, recent findings show that young children with little or no schooling reason competently if prompted to think of the unfamiliar premises as pertaining to a distant planet. We tested two groups of adults: illiterate, unschooled adults and adults with limited schooling. Both groups received problems that included either a premise with unknown content or a premise contradicting their everyday experience. When given a minimal prompt, both groups manifested the customary empirical bias. By contrast, when explicitly prompted to think of the unfamiliar premises as pertaining to a distant planet, they reasoned accurately and appropriately justified their conclusions in terms of the supplied premises.

Repensando a inteligência

O conceito de inteligencia e um conceito amplo, com variacoes enormes entre leigos ou peritos ,relativas ao significado efetivo da palavra. Nao surpreendentemente, tambem ha variacoes enormes entre autores sobre quais seriam os componentes basicos e as dinâmicas de inteligencia, com algumas destas diferencas originando-se de alteracoes em conceito e outras surgindo de diferencas no tipo de metodo de investigacao adotado. Este artigo revisa a discussao sobre este controverso topico, apontando os pontos fracos das abordagens tradicionais e atuais sobre este assunto, particularmente em relacao ao objetivo das habilidades consideradas, e a tendencia para desconsiderar os componentes social, cultural e ambiental do pensamento humano. Enfim, tendo como base uma nova teoria do processamento da informacao de tipo contextualista, e apresentada uma nova abordagem para o estudo da inteligencia.

Teoria da Mente: efeito da idade, do sexo e do uso de atores animados e inanimados na inferência de estados mentais

O estudo foi realizado com 72 criancas de NSE medio, entre quatro e cinco anos de idade, visando a investigar a idade de aquisicao da habilidade das criancas para distinguirem seus proprios estados mentais e os estados mentais de outros e se a manifestacao da habilidade, na tarefa de falsa crenca, depende do ator envolvido - inanimado (boneca) versus animado (outras criancas). Os resultados indicaram nao haver diferencas entre atores animados e inanimados e que e a partir de cinco anos de idade que as criancas comecam a ter uma compreensao acerca dos estados mentais de outras pessoas, no tocante a falsa crenca. Este ultimo dado diverge dos obtidos em estudos anteriores, que encontraram esta capacidade ja desenvolvida aos quatro anos de idade. Contrariamente a hipotese inatista e de acordo com os dados obtidos no Brasil (no que se refere as criancas de orfanato) nossos resultados revelam que a universalidade quanto a epoca em que se encontra desenvolvida esta capacidade e passivel de ser questionada.

Justiça distributiva e empatia em adolescentes do Nordeste Brasileiro

The main aim of this research was to investigate whether empathy influenced the distributive reasoning of adolescents. A sample of 120 teenagers, controlled by sex and type of school (public or private), took part in the investigation. Distributive justice was evaluated through a dilemma in which the participants had to decide the fairest way to share money among six workers who had worked together but were different terms of productivity, necessity and place of birth. Empathy was measured with IRI (Davis). The results show that role-taking, personal distress, sex and type of school influenced the amounts of money distributed. These results are discussed in the context of Hoffmans theory and empirical research on morality and distributive justice.

A estrutura primitiva da representação social do medo

O estudo aborda a questao metodologica que caracteriza a pesquisa na area das representacoes sociais. Em particular, aprofunda-se no problema da verificacao empirica do consenso que uma representacao possui por um determinado grupo social. Esta preocupacao metodologica foi abordada em um estudo cujo objetivo era reconstruir a trama primitiva da representacao social do medo em criancas de sete a dez anos de idade com experiencias socio-culturais diferentes (escola particular e orfanato). O interesse principal era analisar o papel da experiencia na construcao deste tipo de representacao. Primeiramente, com um grupo de 30 criancas, foi coletada a informacao da representacao, entendida como meio de acesso ao campo das representacoes, atraves do metodo da associacao livre (pedia-se para que as criancas expressassem de maneira livre o que pensavam com a evocacao da palavra medo). A partir deste levantamento foram selecionadas 15 palavras entre as mais evocadas pelos dois grupos de criancas e em seguida, foi investigado o nivel de consenso da representacao social do medo atraves da tecnica nao-verbal de classificacao. A um segundo grupo de 58 criancas, foi solicitado a pensar sobre as 15 palavras que estavam representadas em cartoes e a ordena-las em grupos em funcao de estarem mais ou menos associadas com a sensacao de medo. Os dados analisados atraves de metodos estatisticos multidimensionais apontaram para a existencia de similaridades e diferencas no que se refere ao nivel de consenso dos diferentes grupos de criancas comparados em relacao a representacao social do medo. Alem do mais, foi possivel reconstruir o significado e a atitude geral das criancas em relacao ao medo. Estes resultados sao discutidos focalizando, em particular, os problemas metodologicos no estudo das representacoes sociais, especificamente no que se refere ao estabelecimento objetivo do nivel de consenso no estudo destas.

Revisão de aspectos conceituais, teóricos e metodológicos da empatia

Empathy was object of study of diverse fields of knowledge as aesthetic, philosophy, sociology and psychology. In relation to the last one, empathy has been discussed and investigated mainly for researchers of clinical, social and developmental areas. The main objective of the present work is to present a review of the literature on empathy, focusing the theoretical, conceptual and methodological aspects proper to the field of studies of empathy. Questions related to the polysemy of the term empathy are used, and discussion concerning the dimensionality of this construct and some theoretical and methodological problems will be raised and discussed. Empirical studies and some research strategies used on the empathy field will be presented. Eventually, we will present some considerations regarding the necessity of resolution of the aforementioned problems, the need of more research on empathy in Brazil and the future perspectives of research.Empathy was object of study of diverse fields of knowledge as aesthetic, philosophy, sociology and psychology. In relation to the last one, empathy has been discussed and investigated mainly for researchers of clinical, social and developmental areas. The main objective of the present work is to present a review of the literature on empathy, focusing the theoretical, conceptual and methodological aspects proper to the field of studies of empathy. Questions related to the polysemy of the term empathy are used, and discussion concerning the dimensionality of this construct and some theoretical and methodological problems will be raised and discussed. Empirical studies and some research strategies used on the empathy field will be presented. Eventually, we will present some considerations regarding the necessity of resolution of the aforementioned problems, the need of more research on empathy in Brazil and the future perspectives of research.