Leonardo Rodrigues Sampaio

Justiça distributiva e empatia em adolescentes do Nordeste Brasileiro

The main aim of this research was to investigate whether empathy influenced the distributive reasoning of adolescents. A sample of 120 teenagers, controlled by sex and type of school (public or private), took part in the investigation. Distributive justice was evaluated through a dilemma in which the participants had to decide the fairest way to share money among six workers who had worked together but were different terms of productivity, necessity and place of birth. Empathy was measured with IRI (Davis). The results show that role-taking, personal distress, sex and type of school influenced the amounts of money distributed. These results are discussed in the context of Hoffmans theory and empirical research on morality and distributive justice.

Revisão de aspectos conceituais, teóricos e metodológicos da empatia

Empathy was object of study of diverse fields of knowledge as aesthetic, philosophy, sociology and psychology. In relation to the last one, empathy has been discussed and investigated mainly for researchers of clinical, social and developmental areas. The main objective of the present work is to present a review of the literature on empathy, focusing the theoretical, conceptual and methodological aspects proper to the field of studies of empathy. Questions related to the polysemy of the term empathy are used, and discussion concerning the dimensionality of this construct and some theoretical and methodological problems will be raised and discussed. Empirical studies and some research strategies used on the empathy field will be presented. Eventually, we will present some considerations regarding the necessity of resolution of the aforementioned problems, the need of more research on empathy in Brazil and the future perspectives of research.Empathy was object of study of diverse fields of knowledge as aesthetic, philosophy, sociology and psychology. In relation to the last one, empathy has been discussed and investigated mainly for researchers of clinical, social and developmental areas. The main objective of the present work is to present a review of the literature on empathy, focusing the theoretical, conceptual and methodological aspects proper to the field of studies of empathy. Questions related to the polysemy of the term empathy are used, and discussion concerning the dimensionality of this construct and some theoretical and methodological problems will be raised and discussed. Empirical studies and some research strategies used on the empathy field will be presented. Eventually, we will present some considerations regarding the necessity of resolution of the aforementioned problems, the need of more research on empathy in Brazil and the future perspectives of research.

A psicologia e a educação moral

Na Psicologia, o campo de estudos sobre o desenvolvimento moral, a partir de uma perspectiva psicogenetica, teve inicio com o trabalho O Juizo Moral na Crianca, escrito por Jean Piaget, em 1932. Nesse livro, o psicologo suico relata uma serie de experimentos que demonstram que a moralidade se desenvolve com o passar do tempo e a medida que novas aquisicoes no campo cognitivo e afetivo sao conquistadas pelo sujeito. De la para ca, esse campo de estudos tem crescido constantemente e produzido novas teorias e propostas de intervencao no âmbito da educacao moral. O objetivo deste artigo e apresentar uma breve visao sobre algumas das principais teorias psicologicas que abordam a questao do desenvolvimento moral, demonstrar algumas propostas de aplicacao dessas teorias em programas de intervencao e argumentar que a Educacao se apresenta como um espaco privilegiado para o desenvolvimento desse tipo de atividade, que nao tem sido devidamente aproveitado no Brasil.

Escala de clima organizacional para organizações de saúde: desenvolvimento e estrutura fatorial

Organizational climate, as one of the most complex constructs in the organizational area, possesses characteristics that may be perceived in distinct ways by different professionals. This study aimed to develop and validate the Organizational Climate Scale for Health Organizations. In order to validate the tool, 668 health workers were investigated, responding to 100 items, distributed across thirteen dimensions. Factorial analysis was used to validate and calculate Cronbachs alpha in order to estimate internal consistency. The results suggest the best factorial solution was a structure composed of 64 items, organized into seven factors. The internal consistency was 0.934. The Organizational Climate Scale for Health Organizations shows good psychometric quality, considering the cultural context investigated. However, it is recommended that these studies be extended to other types of samples and organizations, in order to verify the cross-cultural construct validity.

Adolescentes autores de atos infracionais: psicologia moral e legislação

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de discutir o Estatuto da Crianca e do Adolescente - ECA, e o Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo - SINASE, os quais dispoem sobre a protecao integral dos direitos fundamentais de criancas e adolescentes. Foca-se a discussao nas diretrizes do atendimento a adolescentes em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas, especialmente em instituicoes de ressocializacao, destacando-se como caracteristicas imprescindiveis para o desenvolvimento integral dos adolescentes: o estimulo a negociacao, a autonomia, e a democracia, especialmente no relacionamento entre profissionais e adolescentes. Estes documentos sao analisados a luz das contribuicoes teoricas de Piaget para o campo da Psicologia do Desenvolvimento, bem como de achados atuais sobre o desenvolvimento sociomoral de criancas e adolescentes autores de atos infracionais.

Justiça distributiva em crianças de 5 a 10 anos de idade

The main aim of this research was to investigate the types of principles of distributive justice. A sample of 120 children, whose ages ranged from 5 to 10 years, of both sexes, took part in the investigation. Their conceptions about distributive justice were evaluated through a dilemma constituted by four stories, in which two children had to decide whether or not to give more toy blocks to another child that arrived late at school. The results showed that (a) a tendency to absolute equality characterizes children of 5 to 6 years old; (b) the use of equity judgments increase with age; (c) the judgments that considered the importance of cooperation and mutual respect were present even in children 5 to 6 years old. Finally, these results are discussed in the context of research on child moral development and distributive justice.

Justiça distributiva: uma revisão da literatura psicossocial e desenvolvimentista

Justica distributiva designa um construto relacionado a maneira como as pessoas avaliam as distribuicoes de bens positivos (renda, liberdade, cargos politicos) ou negativos (punicoes, sancoes, penalidades) na sociedade. Ao fazer julgamentos distributivos, os individuos estao preocupados em avaliar em que medida a distribuicao favoreceu ou prejudicou os envolvidos, a partir de parâmetros ou principios que determinam qual metodo distributivo e mais ou menos justo aplicar no contexto da distribuicao. A respeito da justica distributiva, muitos estudos teoricos e empiricos tem sido realizados. O objetivo do presente trabalho e fazer uma revisao da literatura psicologica sobre o conceito de justica distributiva, apresentando, inicialmente, as principais teorias psicossociais e do desenvolvimento que tratam deste tema. Alem disso, alguns estudos empiricos importantes sobre a justica distributiva serao revistos e discutidos. Por fim, sao feitas algumas consideracoes a respeito do campo de estudos na atualidade.

Sharing in Private and Public Situations: does this really Matter for Children?

The goal of the present study was to examine the influence of social context in young childrens sharing behavior. Sixty-three children, aged between 3 and 8 years, participated in a dictator game in which they were requested to distribute stickers between themselves and an anonymous child. Results showed that the quantities the participants expected to receive were greater than those which were distributed to the others, t(63) = -6, 28, p < .01. Moreover, older participants shared more stickers when they were being observed than when they allocated stickers alone (p = .001, ηp 2 = .30). It is believed that increasing age leads to a greater respect for the societal rule of equity. These results are discussed in light of previous studies on sharing behavior during childhood.

Práticas pedagógicas e moralidade em unidade de internamento de adolescentes autores de atos infracionais

The main objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between pedagogical practices adopted in a socioeducational institution in Pernambuco, Brazil, and moral reasonings of agents and adolescents in that institution. This discussion will be based on socio-moral developmental psychology and the Statute of the Child and Adolescent. The research method involved participant observation and interviews with agents and adolescents, concerning their personal evaluation about the institution and their conceptions of law, justice and response to a moral dilemma. Results indicate relationships between the institutional pedagogical practices of supervision, punishment and retribution, and moral conceptions oriented to moral heteronomy in both groups.

Distributive judgments in cooperative production contexts

The objective of the present study was to investigate distributive judgments in hypothetical situations involving productive activities. The participants should divide produced cupcakes between two story characters. One of the characters was the participant him/herself. Three factors were analyzed: (1) mode of production: cooperative with the help of one person or alone using someone else’s means of production; (2) purpose of production: sale or picnic; and (3) participants’ perspective: give the cupcakes to or take from the other character. Their confi dence on each judgment and how easily they made their judgments were other aspects analyzed. The sample consisted of 156 university students. The results showed that the three factors infl uenced the participants’ distributive judgment, and mode of production had the most signifi cant infl uence. These results were discussed based on recent research on cooperative behavior and cognitive mechanisms that affect the decision-making process in situations involving distributive justice.