Anwar Kasim

XRD and FTIR Studies of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) Fiber

The isolation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from water hyacinth (WH) fibers were carried out. There are two treatments to obtain NCC from WH fibers by chemical and mechanical treatments. The chemical treatment involved alkalization with NaOH 25% in a highly-pressured tube, acid hydrolysis with 5M HCl, and bleaching with (NaClO2:CH3COOH) in ratio 5:2. The mechanical treatment was performed by using ultrasonic homogenizing at 12000 Rpm for 2 h. The morphological surface was observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). TEM reported that the size of NCC was 10–40 nm. Crystallinity index and functional group analysis of the NCC WH fibers were also examined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. XRD reported that the crystallinity index increased significantly after chemical and mechanical treatment due to the presents of crystalline area in the WH fibers. The crystallinity index of raw fiber, digester, bleaching, and ultrasonic homogenizing were 7%, 68%, 69%, and 73% respectively. The content cellulose of final product was 68% as measured by the chemical composition test. Meanwhile, FTIR reported that WH fibers after being given chemical treatment lead the functional group change due to removal hemicellulose and lignin. The result of XRD and FTIR were indicated that the sample of NCC WH fibers presents the structure of cellulose crystal type I.

Characterization of the microfibrillated cellulose from water hyacinth pulp after alkali treatment and wet blending

In this study, the effect of mechanical treatment on the characterization of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) from water hyacinth pulp was carried out. Chemical and mechanical treatments were used in this experiments. Chemical treatment such as cooking fibers into the high-pressure reactor. While, the mechanical treatment that provides shear stress on the fibers by means of the wet blending process. The experiments were conducted at the time of wet blending namely 15, 20, and 25 min respectively. The final products were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and tensile test. SEM observation was carried out on the surface of the film. XRD shows that the crystallinity index of MFC with wet blending 15, 20, and 25 min are 56.24, 78.41, and 85.97% respectively. The maximum value of tensile strength was 23.21 MPa at 25 min of wet blending.

FTIR and Moisture Absorption of Yam Bean Starch Biocomposites with Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) Bagasse Fibers as Reinforcement

Biocomposites from yam bean starch with yam bean bagasse (YBB) fibers as reinforcement has been successfully fabricated. The fabrication method was solution casting. YBB was variated for 1, 2, 3 and 4wt% (from dry weight starch basis). 2 mL glycerol was used as a plasticizer. The relative humidity (RH) condition in moisture testing was 99%. The result shows that the addition YBB able to decreased moisture absorption of starch film. The lowest moisture absorption was in biocomposites with 4wt% YBB. The moisture absorption test was supported byfourier transform infrared (FTIR) data.

Cellulose nanofibers isolation and characterization from ramie using a chemical-ultrasonic treatment

ABSTRACT The novelty of this work lies in isolating cellulose nanofibers from ramie (Boehmerianivea (L.) Gaud) using chemical-ultrasonication treatment. The cellulose nanofibers were successfully isolated from ramie with a diameter and length of 9.9–89.1 nm and 1 μm, respectively. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, particle size analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Indeed, there is a decrease in the hemicellulose and lignin content while the cellulose content increases due to the pulping and bleaching processes. The chemical-ultrasonication treatment results in a high yield of cellulose nanofibers (89.35%).

Studies on Ramie cellulose microfibrils reinforced cassava starch composite: influence of microfibrils loading

ABSTRACT Composites were fabricated from Ramie cellulose microfibrils (RCMF) with cassava starch as matrix and glycerol as a plasticizer. Different composites were fabricated with microfibrils loadings of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 10 wt%. The Particle Size Analyzer results show the average size of RCMF as 1.573 μm. The addition of RCMF considerably influenced the physical, crystalline, thermal, and tensile properties of composites. The addition of RCMF enhanced the crystallinity index (CI) from 32% to 36.67%. Thermogravimetric analysis and tensile test results showed improvement in thermal stability and tensile strength of composite up to 6 wt% microfibrils addition.

Synthesis and characterization of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) ramie reinforced cassava starch hybrid composites

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of CNF obtained from ramie fibers reinforced with nano PCC tapioca starch hybrid composites. CNF-ramie was prepared by using chemical-ultrasonication process, while the nano-composites were made by utilizing a casting solution and glycerol as plasticizers. Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties are characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, and the morphology of composite samples have been analyzed through SEM. The results show that the CS/4CNF/6PCC sample has the highest tensile strength and crystallinity index of 12.84 Mpa and 30.76% respectively. The addition of CNF-ramie and PCC in nanocomposites has increased moisture absorption, crystallinity, and thermal stability properties. The SEM micrographs indicate that the CNF-ramie is bound in a matrix and the PCC is weakly bound in the tapioca starch matrix mainly due to the calcium clumps in the matrix.

Isolation of Nanocellulose from Water Hyacinth Fiber (WHF) Produced via Digester-Sonication and Its Characterization

The successful isolation and characterization of water hyacinth fiber (Eichornia crassipes) (WHF) nanocellulose is presented in this study. The novelty was in exploring a wider range of properties of highly purified samples of WHF after each stage of production in more depth. The isolation was accomplished by pulping in a digester and sonication. Morphological changes before and after treatment were demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The lignin and hemicellulose content decreased during chemical treatment. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analyzer (PSA) were used to determine the morphology of WHF after sonication for 1 h. TEM shows that the diameter and length of nanocellulose WHF were 15.61 and 147.4 nm, respectively. The crystallinity index and crystalline domain area significantly increased after chemical treatment. The highest crystallinity index was 84.87 % after an acid hydrolysis process. The increase in crystallinity leads to good thermal stability. Moisture absorption tests of WHF were carried out before and after treatment. The lowest moisture absorption was in the cellulose fiber after sonication (nanocellulose).

Kajian kualitas gambir dan hubungannya dengan karakteristik kulit tersamak

This study aimed to investigate the quality of gambier taken from gambier production center in West Sumatra, the characteristic of tanned leather which was tanned by gambier, and the relationship between gambier quality and tanned leather product. This study was conducted by firstly taking the samples from ten location randomly, secondly analizing some of its characteristics, and later applicating them in leather tanning. The relationship between some gambier parameters with tanned leather was determined by linear regression. The result was finding that the quality was varied among different gambier production centers, comprise of water content, tannin level, cathecin level, ash level and water-insoluble substances. Sixty percent of producton centers had given gambier which was capable to produce leather met the quality requirements. The result also found there were a strong relationship between gambier characteristics and quality of tanned leather, e.g. gambier tannin level and bonded-tannin in tanned leather (r=0.980), gambier catechins level and bonded-tannin in tanned leather (r=0.967) and gambier ash content and bonded-tannin in tanned leather (r=0.852). Highest tannin level would produce good tanned leather. Keywords: gambier, tanning, tanned leather, the correlation. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas gambir yang diambil dari sentra produksi gambir Sumatera Barat, mengetahui karakteristik kulit tersamak yang disamak menggunakan gambir tersebut dan mengetahui hubungan kualitas gambir dengan kulit tersamak yang dihasilkan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel dari sepuluh lokasi secara acak, dilanjutkan dengan analisis karakteristik gambir serta aplikasinya dalam penyamakan kulit. Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara beberapa parameter gambir dengan parameter kulit tersamak yang dihasilkan digunakan regresi linier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan karakteristik gambir dari sentra produksi di Sumatera Barat memiliki kualitas yang bervariasi pada kadar air, kadar tanin, katekin, kadar abu dan zat tak larut air. 60% lokasi sentra produksi memberikan gambir yang mampu menghasilkan kualitas kulit tersamak memenuhi standar mutu. Hubungan antara beberapa parameter gambir sebagai bahan penyamak dengan kualitas kulit tersamak menunjukkan hubungan yang sangat erat antara kadar tanin gambir dengan kadar tanin terikat pada kulit tersamak (r=0.980), kadar katekin pada gambir dengan kadar tanin terikat pada kulit tersamak (r=0.967), dan kadar abu pada gambir dengan kadar tanin terikat pada kulit tersamak (r=0.852). Tingginya kadar tanin gambir akan menghasilkan kulit tersamak yang baik. Kata kunci :gambir, penyamakan, kulit tersamak, korelasi