Arkadiusz Telesiński

The effect of the number of alkyl substituents on imidazolium ionic liquids phytotoxicity and oxidative stress in spring barley and common radish seedlings.

Increasing amounts of two ILs: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6] and 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMMIM][PF6], were introduced to soil in which spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common radish (Raphanus sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers.) seedlings were cultivated, in order to evaluate the phytotoxicity of ionic liquids with imidazolium cation with two or three alkyl substituents attached. The results of the study i.e. the inhibition of the length of plants and their roots, as well as the yield of fresh weight of plants, clearly showed that differences in the number of substituents did not affect the toxicity of these ILs. Although, radish was more resistant to the applied ionic liquids than barley. Ionic liquids led to a decrease in the content of all assimilation pigments and induced oxidative stress in the plants, as showed by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and changes in the level of H2O2 and antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD). The best biomarkers of oxidative stress in both plants were the changes in chlorophyll content and the increase in POD activity. Both spring barley and radish exposed to [BMIM][PF6] and [BMMIM][PF6] accumulated a large amount of fluoride ions, which further increased the toxicity of these compounds for both plants.

Growth inhibition and efficiency of the antioxidant system in spring barley and common radish grown on soil polluted ionic liquids with iodide anions

Ionic liquids (ILs) constitute a huge group of substances that are increasingly common in the commercial use. This situation may lead to the contamination of the soil environment which being the basic of plants vegetation. This paper presents the effect of four ILs with I- anion on the growth and development of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common radish (Raphanus sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers) and changes in metabolism of the plants. Seedlings of spring barley and common radish cultivated on soil with increasing ILs concentration exhibited typical phytotoxicity symptoms. A considerable reduction of shoot and root lengths, decrease of fresh weight (FW) and increase of dry weight (DW) occurred in both test plants. Ionic liquids concentration increase in soil was correlated with the decrease of concentrations of all photosynthetic pigments in the plants. The observed increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and changes in the H2O2 level indicated presence of oxidative stress in spring barley and common radish, which usually led to the increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity. The most reliable biomarker of oxidative stress was chlorophyll level and changes in POD activity.

Reaction of Spring Barley and Common Radish on the Introduction of Ionic Liquids Containing Asymmetric Cations to the Soil

The harmful effect of ionic liquids (ILs) on the environment is one of the important elements of scientific research conducted around the world. This study presents the effect of ionic liquids, containing the asymmetric cations benzyltrimethylammonium chloride [BenzTMA][Cl] and benzyltriethylammonium chloride [BenzTEA][Cl], on physiological and biochemical changes in common radish plants and spring barley seedlings. The examined ILs demonstrated low toxicity to higher plants. The compound that exhibited higher phytotoxicity to these plant species was [BenzTMA][Cl], whereas the plant that was more resistant to such ILs was common radish. Both the ionic liquids, particularly at higher concentrations, led to changes in the metabolism of plants, which resulted in a decrease of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids content. The observed changes were positively correlated with increasing concentrations of the examined ILs in the soil. In the case of spring barley, a decrease in the fresh weight and an increase in the dry weight of the seedlings were also observed. The evidence of oxidative stress occurrence in spring barley was observed due to the accumulation of malondialdehyde and free proline, as well as due to an increase in the activity of catalase and peroxidase. The changes in these biomarkers indicating oxidative stress occurrence in common radish plants were much lower. An increase in the content of chloride ions was observed in both the plants.

Effect of Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Fluorine Atoms on Selected Weed Species

This study investigated the effects of four structurally different quaternary ammonium salts (QASs), i.e., tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate [TBA][BF4], tetrahexylammonium tetrafluoroborate [THA][BF4], tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate [TBA][PF6], and tetrahexylammonium hexafluorophosphate [THA][PF6], on the growth and development of three weed species: gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.), white goosefoot (Chenopodium album L.) and common sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.). The examined compounds were applied in the form of foliar spraying and soil application. Strong herbicidal properties of the examined compounds were demonstrated in case of their soil application. Growth inhibition of plant shoots and roots was greater with soil application than with foliar treatment. The strongest herbicidal activity of compounds was demonstrated with [TBA][BF4] have demonstrated [TBA][BF4] and [TBA][PF6] applied to the soil, while [THA][BF4] demonstrated the weakest herbicidal action. The increased concentration of applied QASs caused a decrease in the assimilation pigments, change in dry weight content and inhibition of length of shoots and roots.

Effect of different glyphosate salts on phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase activities in soil with reference to ecological importance of soil pollution. A laboratory experiment

Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the two glyphosate salts: isopropylamine and potassium (contained in preparations Roundup) on the activity of phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase in the soil. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory conditions on two soil types: loamy sand (Corg 8.70 g·kg−1, pHKCl 6.39) and sandy loam (Corg 10.90 g·kg−1, pHKCl 6.81). Two glyphosate salts (isopropylamine and potassium) in dosage of 0, 1 and 100 mg·kg−1 were applicate into soils. Phosphodiesterase and phospotriesterase activities in soils were determined spectrophotometrically on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112. The obtained results were converted with respect to the enzyme activities in the control soil (assuming it to be 100%) and given as percent of inhibition. The results were shown as environmental danger zones graphs. Obtained results showed that glyphosate salts application has primarily resulted in inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity, and stimulation of phosphotriesterase activity in soils. Soil type and kind of glyphosate salt affect the interaction of herbicide with phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase activities. The observed changes in the phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase activities caused by the addition of both glyphosate salts were located on environmental danger zones graphs in the range of negligible or acceptable values, which may indicate a low impact of herbicide on measured enzymes.

Assessment of Napropamide Dissipation and its Effect on Soil Enzymatic Activity

This paper assesses the dissipation of napropamide and its impact on the activity of dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and urease in sandy clay loam. The experiment was carried out on soil samples with organic carbon content of 12.08 g·kg-1, total nitrogen content of 0.97 g·kg-1, and pH 5.24 with the following variable factors: (a) dose of Devrinol 450 SC formation (containing 450 g of napropamide in dm3): 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16-fold hold of field dose; (b) day of experiment: 1, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 112. The half-life of napropamide ranged from 33.50 to 71.42 days. The use of napropamide at the dose recommended by the manufacturer and at the dose reduced by half appeared to exhibit low toxicity in relation to enzymes determined. In contrast, the application of elevated napropamide doses decreased the values of biochemical parameters of the soil in most cases. The Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed statistically significant negative correlation between the content of napropamide residues and the enzymatic activity of the soil.

RESPONSE OF SOIL PHOSPHATASES TO THREE DIFFERENT IONIC LIQUIDS WITH HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHATE ANION

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of three different ionic liquids (ILs): 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidynium hexafluorophosphate [Pyrrol][PF6], 1-butyl-1-methylpiperydynium hexafluorophosphate [Piper][PF6] and 1-butyl-4-methylopirydynium hexafluorophosphate [Piryd][PF6] on phosphatase activities in soil. The pot experiment was carried out on loamy sand (Corg content 9.0 g/kg) with spring barley as a tested plant. The ILs was used at the dosages of 0, 1, 10, 50, 100, 400, 700 and 1000 mg/kg dry matter (DM). On day 14, soil samples were collected and activities of alkaline phosphomonoesterase, acid phosphomonoesterase, phosphotriesterase and inorganic pyrophosphatase were determined. Based on the analysis of the effect measure η2 by variance analysis – ANOVA – the percentage shares of all variable factors affecting the activity of phosphatases were also defined. Obtained results showed that the application of different dosages of all ILs caused mainly non-significant changes in phosphatase activity. Changes in activity of phosphatases were often not dependent on IL dosages. The most sensitive for ILs were both phosphomonoesterases. The type of ILs had the highest percentage participation in formation of acid phosphomonoesterase activity, while dosages of ILs affected mainly alkaline phosphomonoesterase and phosphotriesterase activities.

Role of cation structure in the phytotoxicity of ionic liquids: growth inhibition and oxidative stress in spring barley and common radish

The present study determines the influence of three ionic liquids (ILs) containing cations with diversified structure on the growth and development of spring barley seedlings and common radish leaves. Increasing amounts of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate [Pyrrol][PF6], 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium hexafluorophosphate [Piper][PF6], and 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate [Pyrid][PF6] were added to the soil on which both plants were cultivated. The results of this studies showed that the applied ILs were highly toxic for plants, demonstrated by the inhibition of length of plant shoots and roots, decrease of fresh mass, and increase of dry weight content. Common radish turned out to be the plant with higher resistance to the used ILs. The differences in the cation structure did not influence phytotoxity of ILs for spring barley. Furthermore, all ILs led to a decrease of photosynthetic pigments, which was directly followed by decreased primary production in plants. Oxidative stress in plants occurred due to the presence of ILs in the soil, which was demonstrated by the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, changes in the H2O2 level, and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). The changes in the chlorophyll contents and the increase of POD activity turned out to be the most significant oxidative stress biomarkers in spring barley and common radish. Both spring barley and radish exposed to ILs accumulated a large amount of fluoride ion.

Effect of Fluoride and Bentonite on Biochemical Aspects of Oxidative Stress in Pisum sativum L.

Fluoride is regarded as one of the strongest oxidants, which causes oxidative changes in cells of living organisms. It may both increase the content of reactive oxygen species and inhibit the activity of antioxidative enzyme. In recent years, many researchers successfully used the properties of clay minerals in the sorption of fluoride ion from water. This raises the question of the possibility of limiting the effect of fluorine on the negative changes in plants by adding bentonite to soil. A two-year pot experiment was carried out in the Greenhouse of West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, on loamy sand and sandy loam. Each sample of soil was mixed with three different concentrations of bentonite – 1, 5, 10% of dry weight (DW) of the soil and then treated with 30 mmol of Fper 1 kg of dry weight of the soil in a form of NaF solution. A control series was prepared for each soil, to which no additives were added. The medium prepared in such way was transferred to plastic pots (3 kg each) and seeded with 16 pea seeds of Pisum sativum. In three phases of pea development (4 leaves unfolded, flowering and development of fruit), fresh leaf samples were collected and the concentrations of ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, total flavonoids and total polyphenols were measured. Sodium fluoride introduced to the soil changed the level of antioxidant parameters in the plant, which may suggest that fluoride is involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress. Bentonite in a dosage of 10% reduced the toxic effects of fluoride on the oxidative balance and morphological changes in the plant, which was observed especially for loamy sand, naturally poor in clay minerals.

Comparison of glyphosate and Roundup preparations influence on inorganic pyrophosphatase activity and available phosphorus content in sandy loam

Streszczenie. Celem podjętych badań było porównanie oddziaływania glifosatu oraz dwóch form jego preparatów: Roundupu 360 SL (zawierającego sól izopropyloaminową glifosatu i surfaktant – polietoksylowaną tallowaminę) oraz Roundupu TransEnergy 450 SL (zawierającego sól potasową glifosatu oraz surfaktant – polietoksylowaną eteroaminę) na aktywność pirofosfatazy nieorganicznej oraz zawartość fosforu przyswajalnego w glebie. Doświadczenie wykonano na glinie lekkiej o zawartości węgla organicznego 10,9 g·kg-1. Ilość wprowadzonego glifosatu oraz jego soli wynosiła: 0 (kontrola), 1, 10, 100 mg·kg-1. Wilgotność próbek doprowadzono do 60% maksymalnej pojemności wodnej i inkubowano w temperaturze 20°C. W 1., 7., 14., 28. oraz 56. dniu doświadczenia oznaczono zawartość fosforu przyswajalnego i aktywność pirofosfatazy nieorganicznej w glinie lekkiej. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników stwierdzono, że oddziaływanie glifosatu na zawartość fosforu przyswajalnego oraz na aktywność pirofosfatazy nieroganicznej w glinie lekkiej było zróżnicowane i zależało zarówno od formy glifosatu oraz jego dawki, jak i od dnia pomiaru. Największe zmiany oznaczanych parametrów stwierdzono po aplikacji preparatu Roundup 360 SL, zawierającego sól izopropyloaminową glifosatu oraz polietoksylowaną tallowaminę. Po aplikacji tego preparatu wykazano statystycznie istotnie dodatnią korelację pomiędzy aktywnością pirofosfatazy nieorganicznej a zawartością fosforu przyswajalnego w glebie.