Armando Pettinelli Junior

Fitorreguladores de crescimento e capação na cultura algodoeira

Estudaram-se, em dez experimentos de campo, os efeitos dos seguintes fitorreguladores de crescimento e da capacao na cultura algodoeira: cloreto de clorocolina, aplicado na dose de 50 g/ha; cloreto de chlormequat, 100 g/ha e cloreto de mepiquat, 100 g/ha. A capacao foi realizada manualmente, planta por planta, na mesma epoca da aplicacao dos fitorreguladores, aos 60-70 dias da emergencia das plantas. O delineamento estatistico foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repeticoes e, a variedade utilizada, a IAC 19. Para a avaliacao dos resultados de producao e altura de plantas, efetuaram-se dois agrupamentos de ensaios, sendo um com maior e outro com menor desenvolvimento, ou seja: plantas em parcelas testemunhas com altura superior e inferior a 100 cm respectivamente. As demais caracteristicas agronomicas e tecnologicas da fibra foram analisadas em um so grupo. Para o grupo de plantas com maior desenvolvimento, foi obtido, em media, um aumento de 16,3 e 8,4%, respectivamente, para o tratamento com capacao e aplicacao de fitorreguladores. O fitorregulador proporcionou, em media, reducao de 12,1% na altura das plantas e a capacao, em media, 20,8%. Os fitorreguladores, indistintamente, proporcionaram aumento de peso do tapulho e das sementes, enquanto, com a pratica da capacao, nao se verificou esse efeito. A aplicacao de cloreto de clorocolina resultou em menor porcentagem de fibra do que o cloreto de mepiquat.

Trigo duro: tolerância à toxicidade do alumínio em soluções nutritivas e no solo

Twenty three durum wheat inbred lines, one triticale and six bread wheat cultivars were studied in aerated nutrient solutions for aluminum tolerance with six different levels of aluminum (0, 1, 2, 3,4 and 6 mg/I), under constant temperature, 25 ± 1°C and pH 4.0. Aluminum tolerance was evaluated by measuring the root growth in an aluminum-free complete nutrient solution after a treatment of 48 hours in an aluminum solution. All duram wheat lines and Siete Cerros and Anahuac bread wheat cultivars were sensitive to 1 mg/l of Al3+. The bread wheat Alondra-S-46 was sensitive to 4 mg/l of A]3+ The triticale Chiva and the bread wheats BH-1146, IAC-24 and IAC-60 exhibited tolerance to 6 mg/l of Al3+. The same genotypes were also studied in trials carried out in the field using acid and limed soils. The durum wheat lines presented low grain yield (939-2,243 kg(ha) and the triticale and bread wheat cultivars, tolerant to Al toxicity, showed high grain yield (3,584-4,922 kg/ha) in acid soil. The best durum wheat line produced 4,128 kg/ha and the best triticale and bread wheat cultivars produced 4,547 and 4,906 kg/ha, respectively, in limed soil. These results confirmed that incorporation of aluminum tolerance into the durum wheat germplasm is needed in order to permit its growth in acid soils.

Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de linhagens de trigo no Estado de São Paulo

Adaptability and Stability parameters were estimated by two non-parametric methodologies for grain yield in 20 wheat genotypes, 18 Mexican inbred lines and two cultivars, which were evaluated in three locations of Sao Paulo State, during 2001 and 2002. Significant effects were observed for genotypes, years and locations, indicating that the performance of the inbred lines was not coincident for the two years and the three locations. Genotypes x locations, years x locations and genotypes x years x locations interactions were significant. Independently of the methodology and considering the analysis for the two years and for the three locations, inbred lines 13 (HAHN/2*WEAVER) and 3 (SERI M 82) ranked among the five, with wide adaptability and stability. These inbred lines, specially the 13, could be recommended for cultivation by growers after the evaluation of other interesting agronomic traits, such as plant height, disease resistance and aluminum tolerance. The two methodologies provided similar results with easy estimates and interpretation.

Produtividade e resposta de genótipos de trigo ao nitrogênio

This study was based on the hypothesis of existence of genetic variability among genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in relation to the nitrogen utilization and response to application of this nutrient. The experiments were carried out at the Campinas and Tatui Experiment Stations, Instituto Agronomico, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, under sprinkler irrigation conditions, in succession to fallow (Campinas) and rice or lablab crops (Tatui), during 1987-1991 years. It was used a randomized complete block design in a split plot arrangement with four replications. The main plots were the levels of nitrogen (0, 60 and 120 kg/ha) and the split-plots were the wheat genotypes: BH-1146, IAC-5, IAC-24, IAC-25, IAC-60, IAC-161, IAC-162 and Anahuac. The results showed that in relation to the grain yield, the most productive genotypes were IAC-60, IAC-161 and IAC-162 which responded up to 120 kg/ha of applied nitrogen and the remaining responded only to 60 kg/ha of N, in Campinas during 1991. At the Tatui Experiment Station, in 1987, the most productive genotypes were IAC-60 and IAC-24 and all genotypes responded up to 120 kg/ha of applied nitrogen; but they did not respond to the high levels of applied nitrogen, during the years 1988 to 1990, in succession to lablab crops.

Comportamento agronômico de linhagens de trigo no Estado de São Paulo

Eighteen wheat lines and the check cultivars IAC-24 and IAC-289 were evaluated in six trials carried out at different locations under dryland and sprinkler irrigation conditions, for grain yield, agronomic characteristics and disease resistance. In laboratory conditions, the germplasms were evaluated for their Al toxicity tolerance in nutrient solutions. The line L9 and the cultivar IAC-289 were superior in grain yield, considering the average of the six trials. The line L8 exhibited short stature associated to lodging resistance and early maturity. In relation to leaf rust the lines L1, L17 and L20 were resistant. All genotypes were susceptible to the causal agents of leaf spot and mildew. The line L7, showed long heads with the highest number of spikelets; IAC-289 and L17, the largest number of grain per head and per spikelet, respectively; and L11, the heaviest grains. All evaluated genotypes were tolerant to Al3+ toxicity, excepting the control cultivar Anahuac and the lines L15 and L20, which exhibited high sensibility.

Linhagens diaplóides de trigo: desempenho agronômico em dois locais do estado de São Paulo e tolerância à toxicidade de alumínio em laboratório

Twenty wheat genotypes (18 dihaploid lines and the IAC-24 and IAC-370 cultivars) were evaluated in experiments carried out under dryland and acid soil conditions in Capao Bonito and under sprinkler irrigation and limed soil conditions in Tatui in 2001-03 period. Grain yield, yield components, agronomic characteristics and disease resistance were evaluated. The genotypes were also evaluated for their tolerance to Al toxicity, in nutrient solutions, under laboratory conditions. IAC-24 and the dihaploid lines (L3, L4, L5, L8, L14, L15, L16, L17, L18, L19 e L20), in Capao Bonito, were superior for grain yield. In nutrient solutions, these were the most tolerant genotypes to aluminum toxicity. All genotypes exhibited semi-dwarf plant type. The dihaploid line L15 and L16, presented lodging resistance, IAC-370 longer spikes and higher number of grain per spike and per spikelet, L8 higher number of spikelets per spike and L6 and L7 the heavier grains. All evaluated genotypes were susceptible to leaf spot. The lines L4, L14, L15, L16, L17 and L18 originated from the cross R27/GHL121//KAL/BB/3/BUC/BUL/4/IAC-24 showed resistance to leaf rust. The higher grain yield genotypes, under dryland and acid soil conditions, were associated to taller semi-dwarf plants with tolerance to aluminum toxicity. Under sprinkler irrigation and limed soil conditions the highest yielding genotypes were not associated to either semi-dwarf plants or those tolerant to aluminum toxicity.

Comportamento de linhagens diaplóides de trigo em dois locais do Estado de São Paulo

Twenty wheat genotypes (18 dihaploid lines and the IAC-24 and IAC-289 cultivars) were evaluated in experiments carried out under dryland and acid soil conditions in Capao Bonito (1997-99), and under sprinkler irrigation and acid soil conditions with lime application in Tatui (1997-2000). Grain yield, yield components, agronomic characteristics and disease resistance were analyzed. In addition, the genotypes were evaluated for their tolerance to Al toxicity, in nutrient solutions, at laboratory conditions. The dihaploid lines 10 and 11 and the cultivar IAC-24, in Capao Bonito, and the cultivar IAC-24 and the dihaploid line 19, in Tatui, were superior for grain yield. The dihaploid line 5 presented lodging resistance, the line 20 showed short stature and early plants to mature, and the cultivar IAC-289 exhibited higher number of spikelets per spike and heavier grains. All evaluated genotypes were susceptible to leaf spot. In relation to leaf rust, all lines were resistant, except the line 20 which was moderately resistant. The cultivar IAC-24 and all evaluated dihaploid lines were tolerant to aluminum toxicity. The higher grain yield genotypes, under dryland and acid soil conditions, were associated to tall plants, with long spikes, with high number of grains per spike and per spikelet and with tolerance to aluminum. Under sprinkler irrigation and acid soil conditions with lime application the most productive genotypes were associated to tall plants (semidwarf type) with heavy grains, and presenting no correlation with tolerance to aluminum.

Melhoramento do trigo: XXV. Avaliação de genótipos oriundos de populações híbridas introduzidas de Oregon (EUA) no Estado de São Paulo

Twenty two inbred lines and three cultivars (BH-1146, IAC-18 and Alondra-S-46) were evaluated in trials carried out with sprinkler irrigation, at Tatui (1985-87) and Mococa (1984) Experimental Station, Campinas (1985) Experimental Center and in a private farm located in Florinea. The following parameters were assessed: grain yield, agronomic characteristics and disease resistance. Tests for resistance to stem and leaf rusts and to aluminum tolerance, were made in greenhouse and laboratory, respectively. In soil with high fertility conditions as in Tatui the line 1 (Novi Sad 738/Bluejay) which is sensitive to Al3+ toxicity, early maturity and semidwarf type, showed good grain yield. Under acid soil conditions, at Mococa, the cultivars BH-1146 and IAC-18, presenting tolerance to Al3+ toxicity, early maturity and tall type, were the most productive. The lines 1,3 (Yaktana-54/Norin10-Brevor//Narino 59/3/Hyslop/4/CIANO/Gallo)and 19(Capitole/Bluetit) and the cultivars BH-1146 and IAC-18 showed the best grain yield considering the mean of the six trials. The lines 2 (Leonardo 23/Bluejay) and 10 (Backa/Alondra) were resistant to two race mixtures of stem rust and to three race mixtures of leaf rust, at seedling stage. These resistances were confirmed in adult stage, under natural (field) infection conditions. The line 2 presented as moderately resistant to powdery mildew, under field conditions. The lines 11 (Backa/Alondra), 15 and 21 (Capitole/Bluetit), 16 (Sava/4/Tezanos Pintos Precoz// //IRN 46/CIANO/3/Protor) and 17 (Vogel Selection 29/Vogel Selection 59--8881//INIA/Caprock/3/Cuckoo) were the most tolerant to Al3+ toxicity, but in a lower degree than that exibited by the cultivars BH-1146 and IAC-18.

Efeito do calcário e do fósforo na produtividade de grãos e seus componentes nos cultivares de trigo

ABSTRACTEFFECT OF LIME AND PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON WHEAT CULTIVARS’ GRAIN YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS The knowledge of the interactions among wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.)and factors that affect grain yield (lime, fertilizer, water) is important for an adequate choiceof cultivars and definition of a proper fertilization. The objective of this work is to study thevariability of grain yield and yield components among wheat materials in response to limeand phosphorus application. The experiments were carried out annually, from 1987 to 1995,at the Itarare Experimental Station, Instituto Agronomico, Campinas, State of Sao Paulo,Brazil under dryland condition. A complete randomized block design in a split-split plotarrangement with 4 replications was used. The main plots contained three rates of lime(0; 6.5, and 13 t.ha -1 ), the split plots three rates of phosphorus (0, 30, and 90 kg.ha -1 of P 2 O 5 ),and the split split plots four wheat genotypes (‘IAC-5’, ‘IAC-24’, ‘IAC-60’, and ‘Anahuac’).The results showed that in acid and low-fertility conditions, the IAC-60 and IAC-5 geno-types surpassed the other materials in relation to grain yield, ear length, components of thegrain yield and harvest index. The genotype IAC-60 was more responsive to lime and phos-phorus. Grain yield, ear length, grain yield components and harvest index were more af-fected by P than by lime application. Grain yield correlated better with number of grains byear than with other evaluated features. Considering grain yield, the genotype IAC-60 wasmore productive and more responsive, IAC-5 more productive but less responsive and IAC-24 and Anahuac less productive. The use of genotypes tolerant to soil acidity and adapted tolow fertility but responsive to lime and fertilizer can make feasible wheat cultivation in low-fertility soils with less investment.Index terms: wheat, lime, phosphorus, grain yield, wheat yield components.

Melhoramento do trigo: XIX. Avaliação de novas linhagens em diferentes regiões paulistas

Twenty three inbred lines obtained at the Instituto Agronomico from the wheat breeding program plus the cultivars BH-1146 and Alondra-S-46 were evaluated in field experiments carried out at Campinas Experiment Center, Capao Bonito and Tiete Experiment Stations, and at two farms located in the Paranapanema Valley, during the period 1984-86. Grain yield, plant height, number of days from emergence to flowering and from emergence to maturation, percentage of lodged plants, head length, number of grain per spike and per spikelet, number of spikelets per spike, weight of 100 grains, and resistance to stem and leaf rusts were evaluated under field conditions. The resistance to stem and leaf rusts was tested in the greenhouse, and tolerance to aluminum toxicity was tested in the laboratory. Considering the experiments carried out at Capao Bonito the line 19 presented good productivity showing moderate resistance to Helminthosporium sp. and high tolerance to aluminum toxicity. This line was early in maturity and exhibited tall type of plant but it was resistant to lodging. The cultivars BH-1146 and the line 16 showed high grain yield at the Paranapanema Valley. The line 16 presented a semidwarf type, early maturity, field resistance to leaf rust, resistance to lodging and tolerance to Al toxicity. At Tiete the line 16 showed high productivity. There were no differences among the lines at Campinas. The lines 1, 3, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 22, 23 and the cultivars Alondra-S-46 exhibited semidwarf type when compared to the tall cultivars BH-1146. The lines 9, 10, 11 and the cultivars Alondra-S-46 were resistant to stem rust, presenting at seedling stage, resistance to six races under greenhouse conditions. The lines 11, 16, 18 and the cultivars BH-1146 presented low levels of the leaf rust from natural infection out in the field. The line 7 with long heads, the lines 7 and 8 with large number of spikelets per spike, the line 2 presenting high head fertility and the line 21 exhibiting heavy grains were considered as good genetic sources of these characteristics for the wheat breeding program. The lines 1, 3, 5, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21 and the cultivars BH-1146 were tolerant to the presence of 10 mg/liter of Al in the nutrient solution.