Ary Prihardhyanto Keim

Ethnobotanical study of Loloh: Traditional herbal drinks from Bali (Indonesia).

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Loloh are herbal drinks produced and consumed exclusively in Bali (Indonesia) to prevent and treat different ailments. This is the first study to document plants species used as Loloh, reporting the phytochemical components and pharmacological properties of the most cited plants. Documenting the plants used in herbal drinks in Bali by local communities to treat various ailments (providing some information on phytochemistry and pharmacology of the most interesting plants). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical data were obtained through semi-structured interviews (individual and group discussions) and questionnaires. Plant specimens were collected, identified and made into herbarium vouchers. RESULTS A total of 51 plants species (belonging to 32 families) have been documented for their use in the various preparation of Loloh. Different plants and plant parts are used to prepare Loloh to treat heartburn, fever, diarrhea, hypertension, aphthous stomatitis (canker sores), and other minor health problems. These plants are mainly prepared as decoctions, are juiced or simply added to the preparation. The most cited plants (>30 informants) are Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Cinnamomum burmanni Nees ex Bl., and Piper betle L. These plants are well studied with multiple demonstrated pharmacological activities (e.g., antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic). CONCLUSION The Balinese communities still preserve a rich ethnobotanical knowledge. Several species are well known for their pharmacological properties, but some [such as Pneumatopteris callosa (Blume) Nakai and Dendrocnide stimulans (L. f.) Chew] are understudied and could be promising candidates for further research.

The processes that threaten Indonesian plants

The processes that threaten 240 Indonesian threatened plants were identified and categorized based on a comprehensive review of the published literature and elicitation of information from experts. Intrinsic biological factors and habitat loss are the major causes of plant endangerment in Indonesia (affecting 83 and 82 of species respectively), followed by overexploitation (64) and natural factors (6). The dominant threats vary between major plant groups, with habitat loss being particularly important for palms and trees, and biological factors important for orchids. For all studied plant species three sets of inter-related threatening processes (threat syndromes) were identified that differed among the major plant groups. By identifying and evaluating the processes that threaten plants in Indonesia we provide knowledge to guide their future conservation. © 2011 Fauna & Flora International.

A monograph of the genus Orania (Arecaceae: Oranieae)

SummaryOrania Zipp. (Oranieae: Arecoideae: Arecaceae) is a genus of solitary, single stemmed tree palms consisting of 28 species, of which 11 species are new and described for the first time in this paper. The genus has an interesting disjunct distribution, with 25 species found in Malesia and three species confined to Madagascar. The 11 new species, O. bakeri A. P. Keim & J. Dransf., O. dafonsoroensis A. P. Keim & J. Dransf., O. deflexa A. P. Keim & J. Dransf., O. ferruginea A. P. Keim & J. Dransf., O. grandiflora A. P. Keim & J. Dransf., O. littoralis A. P. Keim & J. Dransf., O. longistaminodia A. P. Keim & J. Dransf., O. subdisticha A. P. Keim & J. Dransf., O. tabubilensis A. P. Keim & J. Dransf., O. timikae A. P. Keim & J. Dransf. and O. zonae A. P. Keim & J. Dransf. are found in New Guinea. A determination key is produced and detailed descriptions provided for all taxa.

Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Building Materials from the Island of Bali, Indonesia

Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Building Materials from the Island of Bali, Indonesia. Local knowledge of plant-based building materials has long been part of Balinese tradition. In order to better understand this particular tradition, we carried out a comprehensive ethnobotanical study of 13 aga villages. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Seventy-eight species of plants were identified, comprising 63 genera and 34 families, of which 46% are native to the Flora Malesiana floristic region, 20% to the Indian floristic region, and 17% to the Indochinese floristic region. Ninety-one percent were trees. The most frequently used part was the stem (88%). The main use categories reported for building materials were houses (58%), religious uses (Balinese Hindu temple; 35%), stables (5%), and barns (2%). Thirty-eight percent appeared in more than one use category. Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. and Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre were the two species that possessed the highest values in the preference ranking for use value (UV) followed by Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Species richness differed substantially between villages according to their different levels of traditional knowledge preservation. Despite the impact of the fast-growing tourist industry and the decline of local knowledge, the Balinese who live in the study areas still depend on locally available indigenous plant species for their building materials. The cultivation of these indigenous plants is in a period of crisis, especially with regard to conservation.Studi Etnobotani Bahan Bangunan Tradisional dari Pulau Bali, Indonesia. Pengetahuan lokal bahan bangunan berbasis kayu telah lama menjadi bagian dari tradisi orang Bali. Untuk memahami tradisi tersebut dengan lebih baik, studi etnobotani yang menyeluruh dilakukan dengan menggabungkan tiga belas desa aga. Data etnobotani diperoleh melalui wawancara semi-terstruktur dan kuesioner. Tujuh puluh delapan jenis tanaman yang terdiri dari 63 genera dan 34 famili telah diidentifikasi, yang mana 46% adalah tanaman asli dari Malesiana, 20% dari India, dan 17% dari Indocina. Sembilan puluh satu persen adalah jenis pohon. Bagian yang paling sering digunakan adalah kayu (88%). Kategori kegunaan utama bahan bangunan adalah hunian rumah (58%), tujuan keagamaan (Pura Hindu Bali; 35%), kandang ternak (5%), dan lumbung padi (2%). Tiga puluh delapan persen dari total tanaman yang diidentifikasi memiliki lebih dari satu kategori kegunaan. Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. dan Magnolia champaca Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre adalah dua jenis tanaman yang memiliki nilai tertinggi dalam peringkat nilai guna (UV), kemudian diikuti oleh Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Kekayaan spesies berbeda secara substansial diantara desa-desa sesuai dengan tingkat pelestarian pengetahuan tradisional. Meskipun dampak dari pesatnya perkembangan industri wisata dan penurunan pengetahuan lokal, orang Bali masih tergantung pada ketersediaan jenis tanaman asli untuk bahan bangunan mereka. Budidaya tanaman asli berada dalam periode krisis, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan pelestarian.

The Genus Pandanus Parkinson (Pandanaceae) on Halmahera Island (Moluccas, Indonesia) with Descriptions of Three New Species and a Key to the Species on the Island

Abstract Callmander, M. W., A. P. Keim, S. Buerki & P. B. Phillipson (2015). The genus Pandanus Parkinson (Pandanaceae) on Halmahera Island (Moluccas, Indonesia) with descriptions of three new species and a key to the species on the island. Candollea 70: 179–195. In English, English abstract. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2015v702a2 Halmahera is the largest (c. 18,000 km2) island of the Moluccan archipelago, but naturalists have only sporadically visited Halmahera and it has remained very poorly explored botanically. However, an intensive botanical inventory project was undertaken between 2012 and 2014 in part of the island to inform flora biodiversity management for certain proposed mining activities. This effort has contributed over 3600 plant collections and nearly doubled the number of Pandanus Parkinson (Pandanaceae) specimens (bringing the total to 55) available for Halmahera. After careful examination of all available material and comparison with other material from the region, we are able to present the first overview of the genus for the island. We have identified ten species from the island of which three are new to science and not known elsewhere, while the other seven are all representatives of species already described from other localities. The new species are formally described here as Pandanus beguinii Callm. & A. P. Keim, Pandanus benstoneoides Callm., Buerki & Phillipson and Pandanus halmaherensis Callm. & A. P. Keim. The new species are provided with notes on their respective morphology and known distributional and ecological ranges, line drawings. Those three new species are assigned a preliminary status of Endangered following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. All ten species are illustrated with colour photographs and a key to the species is provided.