Andria Agusta

Composition of the endophytic filamentous fungi associated with Cinchona ledgeriana seeds and production of Cinchona alkaloids

Four kinds of endophytic filamentous fungi (code names: CLS-1, CLS-2, CLS-3, and CLS-4) associated with the seeds of Cinchona ledgeriana (Rubiaceae) from West Java, Indonesia, were isolated. All of the isolates were classified into Diaporthe spp. based on phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) including the 5.8S ribosomal DNA region. All four of these endophytic fungi produce Cinchona alkaloids, mainly quinine and quinidine, in synthetic liquid medium.

Two-dimensional NMR analysis of Angiopteris evecta rhizome and improved extraction method for angiopteroside

INTRODUCTION The rhizome of Angiopteris evecta is of academic interest in Kalimantan, Indonesia, from an ethnobotanical perspective. Angiopteroside is a substance of pharmaceutical importance that is found in the rhizome of A. evecta. OBJECTIVE The aims of this research are to improve the extraction method for angiopteroside from the rhizome, compared to that in a previous report, and to determine the yield of angiopteroside from the rhizome of A. evecta, as well as to obtain precise data for extractives from the rhizome of A. evecta by using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). METHODOLOGY We investigated the chemical constituents of the whole rhizome by means of two-dimensional NMR (heteronuclear single quantum coherence or HSQC) spectroscopy, neutral sugar analysis using the alditol acetate method, and lignin analysis using alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation and Klason lignin methods. LC-MS revealed the purity of the angiopteroside. Antimicrobial assays were also performed for the purified angiopteroside by using a broth microdilution method. RESULTS Angiopteroside was isolated by Soxhlet extraction with aqueous acetone followed by preparative thin-layer chromatography (eluent: 20% methanol/dichloromethane). LC-MS revealed that angiopteroside can be found in the rhizome of A. evecta in 9.9% yield, which is an extremely high yield for a plant extractive. CONCLUSION HSQC analysis is a powerful tool for surveying compounds in plant materials, such as the whole rhizome of A. evecta. Soxhlet extraction with aqueous acetone is an effective method for extracting glycosides from plant materials.

ANTIBACTERIAL SCREENING OF THE CULTURE OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGAL EXTRACTS ISOLATED FROM CINNAMON STICK (Cinnamomum burmannii [Nees & T. Nees] Blume)

Pathogenic bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents used in the treatment of recent formal systems have undergone significant increase. It is necessary to get a source of new antibacterial agents to overcome resistance. Endophytic fungi have been known as one of the organisms that have the ability to produce a variety of bioactive metabolites. In this study, 26 endophytic fungi have been isolated from various parts of Cinnamomum burmannii plant. The results of antibacterial activity screening of endophytic fungal extracts byTLC bioautography method without elution showed that as many as 18 extracts inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus InaCC-B4 with the diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) were in the range of 5.00 to 16.00 mm. On the other hand, the number of extracts that could inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli InaCC-B5 were 24 extracts with the DIZ were in the range of 4.00 to 28.00 mm. A detailed analysis of eluted TLC-bioautography method showed the chemical compounds of extracts that were responsible for antibacterial activity.

DIVERSITAS DAN PROFIL METABOLIT SEKUNDER JAMUR ENDOFIT YANG DIISOLASI DARI TUMBUHAN GAMBIR (Uncaria gambler) SERTA AKTIVITAS BIOLOGISNYA SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI [Diversity and Secondary Metabolites Profiles of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Gambir {Uncaria gambier) Plants and Their Biological Activities as Antibacteria]

Five kinds of endophytic filamentous fungi i.e. Pestalotiopsis sp. GNC, Fusarium sp. GNC-A, Fusahum sp. GNC-B, Pestalotiopsis sp. GUC and Fusarium sp. GUC were isolated from surface sterilized of steems of gambir nasi and gambir udang (Uncaria gambier Roxb.) collected from Rengat, Riau Province,Indonesia. Identification of the endophytic fungi were done through morphologically observations and chemotaxonomically approach. In an antibacterial assays, the ethyl acetate extract of the Pestalotiopsis sp.GNC cultures showed their activity against pathogenic bacteria, Eschericia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sublilis.Beside the above three pathogenic bacteria, the ethyl acetate extract of Fusarium sp. GNC-B culture was also active against

ANALISIS KOMPONEN KIMIA DAUN WATI {Piper methysticum Forst. f) [Analysis of chemical compounds of wati {Piper methysticum Forst. f]

Kecoa adalah salah satu jenis serangga yang dapat bertindak sebagai vektor penyakit yang disebabkan oleh protozoa, jamur dan cacrng (Harwood and James, Entomology in Human and Animal Health, 1979).Tercatat ada 12 jenis cacing yang dapat di transmisikan oleh kecoa (Faust, et aL, Clinical Parasitology, 1971).Salah satu jenis diantaranya adalah cacing berkepala duri, Moniliformis dubius (Acantho cephala; Moniliformidae).Jenis ini berinduk semang defimtif pada )enis-]enis Rattus,tetapi kasus pada manusia pemah dilaporkan dari Pakistan dan Hawaii (Faust, 1971).The study on the abundance and distribution of three species of botia namely B.hymenophysa Bleeker, B.macracantha (Bleeker,1852)W B.reversa (Roberts,1989) was conducted in Sibau watershed (from June 21 to July 10 1996) and in Embaloh watershed (from November 21 to December 10,1996 and from September 5 to September 25, 1997).It was found that the abundance of each B.hymenophysa, B.macracantha andB.tevctsz was not significant different in these two watershed.Among the fish species collected, these three species of Botia can b categorized as the group offish with low abundance.B.hymenophysa is the most widely distributed fish among three species o/Botia in these two watersheds.In these watersheds,this fish was more distributed in tributary sites than in mainstream sites of Embaloh and Sibau river.On the other hand, the distribution pattern of B.reversa in these watersheds was different. In Sibau watershed, this fish is more distributed in mainstream sites, in Embabh watershed however, this fish was more distributed in tributaries sites.In some localities the distribution of B.hymenophysa and B.reversa are overlaps. In Sibau river, B.macracantha was found both in mainstream sites and its tributary, but in Embabh river, it was found only in a tributary site. It was also found that these three Botia could co-exist with other species.Effect of Sucrose and Glutamine on Anter Culture ofSolanum khasianum Clarke, Djunaedi Gandawidjaja.Anther ofSolanum khasianum Clarke were cultured on MS medium enriched with sucrose (30, 60, 75, 90 g/l)combined with glutamine (0, 200, 400, 600 mg/l)or with sucrose (60 g/1) combined with glutamine at low concentrations (0, 0.5,2.5, 5.0,10.0,20.0,50.0 mg/l).Callus formation was affected by the interaction of sucrose and glutamine. Callus formation decreased with the increasing concentration of sucrose or glutamine. Combination of sucrose and glutamine was unable to regenerate planletfrom the callus.The study was conducted to analyse genetic diversity of Goffini Finsch Cockatoo (Cacatua goffini Finsch) bird using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) marker.PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) was performed on DNA samples extracted from 14 birds,using 18 random 10-merprimers and 2 random 12-merprimers. Fourteen out of 20 primers (70 %) successfully amplified DNAfragmens and 11 out of 14 primers (78,57 %) generated 1-2 specific alkies.The result clearly demonstrated that the RAPD marker allows for genetic diversity analyses of these birds in efficiently. Tree of relationship among 14 birds showed that there were two groups in the population ofGoffin s Cockatoo.