Ashok K. Dutt

The Asian city : processes of development, characteristics, and planning

Preface. Part I: Urbanization in an International Context. 1. An Introduction to the Asian City A.K. Dutt, F.J. Costa, A.G. Noble, S. Aggarwal. 2. Asian Urban Growth since 1950: Demographic Components, including Transnational Redistribution B.J.L. Berry, Hak-Min Kim. 3. City Forms of China and India in Global Perspective A.K. Dutt, Yichun Xie, F.J. Costa, Zhengmao Yang. Part II: Comparative Urban Setting. 4. The Distribution of City Sizes in Asian Countries P.P. Karan. 5. The Concept of Sacred Cities in Asia with Special Reference to India S.M. Bhardwaj. 6. A Comparative Study of Rank-Size Distributions in China and India A.K. Dutt, Yichun Xie, R.J. Das, A. Parai. 7. Spatial Pattern of Commercial Establishments in Two South Asian City Centers: Rajshahi and Madurai A.K. Dutt, A.G. Noble, Z. Hasan. Part III: Urbanization Characteristics by Countries. 8. Metropolization in Densely Populated Asia: the Case of Tokyo Y. Masai. 9. The Nature of Urbanization in South Korea Naghun Song, A.K. Dutt, F.J. Costa. 10. Indian Urbanization: Proliferation of Mega Cities and Urban Corridors B.K. Roy. 11. Urbanization in Southeast Asia A.K. Dutt, Naghun Song. 12. Small Town Growth and Development Policy in Pakistan A.H. Siddiqi. Part IV: Urban Planning. 13. Water Supply in Selected Mega Cities of Asia A. Parai, J.E. Benhart, W.C. Rense. 14. The Impact of the Growth of Township Enterprises on Rural--Urban Transformation in China, 1978--1990 S.L. Morgan. 15. New Small Towns of Israel: Successes and Failures E. Efrat. 16. Exporting Planning: the Work of Thomas Karsten in Colonial Indonesia J.L. Cobban. 17. Planning in a Rapid Growth Center: the Case of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia S. Al-Oteibi, A.G. Noble, F.J. Costa. Part V: The Urban Poor. 18. Children in the Urban Informal Sector: a Tragedy of the Developing Countries in Asia P. Nangia. 19. Poverty in the Metropolitan Cities of India V. Nath. 20. Spatial Spread of Daily Activity Patterns of Slum Dwellers in Calcutta and Delhi A.K. Dutt, S. Tripathi, A. Mukhopadhyay. 21. Bombay Urban Development Project: a Solution for the Shelter Problem of the Urban Poor? S. Banerjee-Guha. 22. Sidewalk Dwellers of Calcutta A. Mukhopadhyay, A.K. Dutt, A. Halder. Part VI: Perspectives on Urbanization. 23. Trends and Implications of Urbanization in India during the 20th Century A. Bose. 24. Perspectives on Asian Urbanization: an East--West Comparison A. Parai, A.K. Dutt.

Geographical Patterns of AIDS in the United States

Data on incidence of AIDS between 1981 and 1986 from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control are analyzed geographically. Nationwide and regional patterns by source groups, gender, race, age cohorts, and survival rates in the United States are emphasized. Some elements like association of AIDS incidence by source display distinct regional variations, while others like incidence by age cohort have uniform patterns. A CQUIRED immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the bubonic plague of the twentieth century. Both diseases were initially incurable, and, as was the case with the plague, almost everyone who contracts AIDS eventually dies of it. Contrastingly the cause of AIDS was discovered and isolated shortly after the disease was identified.1 In this article we offer a spatial analysis of the disease in the United States by region, by patient, gender, and age groups of the victims, and by country of birth and death. This analysis is both tentative and speculative. Because of the current status of data collection and reporting for AIDS, definitive conclusions are virtually impossible. However, the problem has such contemporary enormity and future implications that it cannot be ignored or withheld from geographical analysis. The deadliness of AIDS is unquestioned. According to the World Health Organization, more than 500,000 AIDS cases had been reported globally by mid-1987, and five to ten million persons in all parts of the world had been infected by the virus.2 By the end of 1986, 32,560 cases had been reported in the Western Hemisphere, and 90 percent of them were in the United States. From the initial four diagnoses in 1978, the number of new cases in the United States increased to nine in 1979 and to forty-four in 1980.3 In 1986 alone, 9,877 new cases were reported by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The origin of the AIDS virus has several possible explanations. Most researchers believe that the retrovirus responsible for AIDS originated in * Margaret Geib, cartographer for the Department of Geography, University of Akron, prepared the graphics. Bani Bose, librarian at Akron City Hospital, Swati Sinha, and Karen Schauri are thanked for their help in the research for this article. I Colin Norman, AIDS Priority Fight Goes to Court, Science 231 (3 Jan. 1986): 11-13; Colin Norman, AIDS Virology: A Battle on Many Fronts, Science 230 (29 Nov. 1985): 518-521. 2 Jean L. Marx, Probing the AIDS Virus and Its Relatives, Science 230 (19 June 1987): 1523. 3A. M. Hardy, James R. Allen, W. Meade Morgan, and James W. Curran, The Incidence Rate of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in Selected Populations, Journal of American Medical Association 253, No. 2 (1985): 215-220. * DR. DUTT and DR. MONROE are members of the geography faculty at the University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, where MRS. PRINCE is a graduate student in urban studies. DR. DUTTA is an associate professor of biological sciences at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.135 on Sun, 03 Jul 2016 04:14:23 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES 457 Africa.4 The disease has been recognized in central Africa at least since 1972, six years before its identification in the United States. The large number of cases recognized in central Africa earlier than in other regions of the world suggests an African origin and the spread of the AIDS virus from there. This explanation of the origin of AIDS emanates from the isolation of a retrovirus, similar to the AIDS virus, from West African wild green monkeys. The virus may recently have crossed the species barrier and infected humans, although the green monkeys with the virus remained devoid of AIDS. Thus the monkey virus may be mutated in humans and may have acquired some destructive properties.5 Two other explanations have been postulated.6 The AIDS virus may have been present in a small number of humans for a long time, but only recently did the number become large enough for the disease to be identified. The recent increase in cases may result from various factors such as changing migration patterns and rises in intravenous drug abuse and homosexuality. Another possibility is that the AIDS virus is a variant of a retrovirus that has always infected humans. The data for this study come from AIDS-case reports received by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control as of January 1987. These data are reported voluntarily by state and local health departments and are compiled on a Public Information Data Tape by the CDC. Information for each victim includes age at and date of first diagnosis; race; large SMA region (Northeast, Central, West, South, Mid-Atlantic) or small SMA; country of birth and, if patient is deceased, of death; and gender (male, subdivided into homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual, and female). Information is also available for relevant patient groups: homosexual/bisexual male, intravenous drug user, a combination of these two, hemophiliac, heterosexual contact with an AIDS victim, or transfusion recipient. Through January 1987, the total sample included 29,137 AIDS patients. These data were cross-tabulated to examine relationships among the characteristics of each AIDS victim. The annual incidence rates of AIDS victims per 100,000 persons for the years 1981 to 1985, 1986, and 1987 appear on figures 1 and 2. Because statewide data were not available for individual years from 1981 to 1985, the five-year total for each state was divided by five to obtain an average for the period. Although the disease was primarily concentrated in large cities, only statelevel data were available nationwide. Hence choropleth maps were based on states. Incidence in the District of Columbia was also included on these figures. The initial appearance of AIDS in the United States had three foci-the metropolitan areas of New York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. Prior to 1983, 67 percent of the AIDS victims in the country were confined to these 4 Colin Norman, Africa and Origins of AIDS, Science 230 (6 Dec. 1985): 1141. 5 Ronald C. Desrosiers, Origins of the Human AIDS Virus, Nature 319 (27 Feb. 1986): 728. 6 Desrosiers, footnote 5 above. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.135 on Sun, 03 Jul 2016 04:14:23 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 458 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW

Urbanization in Asia: spatial dimensions and policy issues.

This book is a product of the International Conference on Asian Urbanization held in Akron Ohio in April 1985. It contains 20 papers including an initial description of trends and prospects and a review of the literature. Country-specific reviews are then presented for India Pakistan China and Taiwan. The remaining papers are grouped under the general headings of regional and metropolitan effects of urbanization case studies in urban development and issues and policies for urban development. (ANNOTATION)

Rank-Size Distribution and Primate City Characteristics in India - A Temporal Analysis

This paper is an analysis of the historical change in city size distribution in India from the perspectives provided by Zipf and Jefferson. Rank-size distribution at national level and primate city-size distribution at regional levels are examined. Indias national urban system is gradually evolving towards Zipfs rank-size distribution. But primate cities have persisted in three of the four macro-regions in India. The paper also examines, in the Indian context, the relation between rank-size distribution and an integrated urban system, and the normative nature of the latter as a spatial organization of human society. Finally, we have made a modest attempt to locate the research on city-size distribution, especially Berrys system-theoretic interpretation of rank-size distribution, on the realm of the political economy of urbanization.

Perspectives on planning and urban development in Belgium

Preface. 1. An Introductory Framework for Planning in Belgium A.K. Dutt, F.J. Costa. 2. Changing Aspects of Belgian Public Planning L. Albrechts. 3. The Administrative Structure of Planning in Belgium P. Laconte. 4. Procedures for Planning in the Flemisch Region M. Boes. 5. The Geolinguistic Framework for Planning and Urban Development in Belgium A.B. Murphy. 6. Planning the Coastal Zone in Belgium G.J. Ashworth. 7. Reinventing Brussels: Urban Profiles of Ideology, Power and Politics A.G. Papadopoulos. 8. Antwerp: A Modern City with a Significant Historic Heritage K. Vroom. 9. Historic Preservation in Brugge: Continuous Planning in Operation B. Beernaert. 10. Spatial Planning in the Liege Region: 1948-1988 J.A. Sporck. 11. Louvain-la-Neuve: A Unique New Town A.K. Dutt. Conclusion.

Urbanization in Southeast Asia

During the last three decades, Southeast Asia has become one of the most economically dynamic realms in the world as a result of the success of a number of countries and the increased role of ASEAN in the world economy (Martin, 1988: 6). In the past, Southeast Asia had played a peripheral role in the world economy by providing raw materials and it was only recently that a number of countries of the realm began to industrialize. As the region has abundant natural resources, industrialization is expected to accelerate and urban population to grow (Figure 5:1), making greater imprints on the world economy.

Malaria Resurgence in Urban India: Lessons from Health Planning Strategies1,2

Urban malaria has become an important issue in the overall strategies in the control/eradication of malaria in India. This chapter highlights the fact that unplanned and haphazard developmental activities have resulted in deteriorating urban environments, which in turn have created conducive breeding areas for certain malaria vectors such as Anopheles stephensi. This chapter identifies urban regions where malaria surfaced as early as 1962–1963 and implicates construction activities, green belts, and poor water and drainage conditions in the slums as major factors responsible for the spread of malaria. API rates were used to compare malaria occurrence during 1978 and 1993, finding that the above development activities and population resistance to malaria are two of the important factors in variations in malaria patterns over time and space.

Challenges to Asian Urbanization in the 21st Century

Challenges to Asian Urbanization in the 21st Century: An Introduction.- A Half-Century of the World City: Asian and African Cities.- Post-Colonial Cities in the Global Era: A Comparative Study of Mumbai and Accra.- Colombo and the Pattern of South Asian and Port City Models.- The Development of Hill Stations as Urban Centers.- Communicative Planning Practice in an Undemocratic society: Hong Kong Case.- Central Planning and Market Elements in Viet Nams Economy.- Recent Planning Strategies in Jerusalem.- A Spatio-Temporal, Functional Classification of Indian Cities.- Ambient Air Quality in Delhi 1988-1994: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis.- Environmental Degradation and Health:Urban Growth and Health Risks in Pondicherry.- Pollution Parameters in Asian Cities.- Mitigating Rural-Urban Exodus: Multi-Objective Spatial Design of Rural Biomass Energy.- The Role of Secondary Cities in Rapidly Industrializing Countries:The Example of Kaohsiung, Taiwan.- Assessing Rail Network History in Japans Kanto Region.- Urban Development of South Asia.

Spatial patterns of crime among Indian cities

Abstract An analysis of inter-city patterns of crime in India was undertaken. Using data for fourteen different types of crime and for 99 cities, standard correlation techniques were used to analyze the inter-relationships between different types of crime and the spatial distribution of these types. Factor analysis was applied to regionalize crime groups. An attempt is made to explain the crime patterns which emerge from the analysis, and the concentration of crime in the north-central region of India.

Diffusion of Sikhism and recent migration patterns of Sikhs in India

This paper studies the diffusion of Sikhism from its beginnings at the end of the fifteenth century to the present. By focusing on the historical importance of the Punjab plains area, a spatial crossroad, the problems of survival of the Sikh religion are analyzed. Though the Sikhs remain primarily confined to the Punjab plains, limited expansion took place in the first half of the 19th century with Ranjit Singhs conquest of lands beyond Punjab. Starting from the 2nd half of the 19th century when British occupied Punjab, the Sikhs could practice their religion without any persecution. The British preferred the Sikhs in administrative service particularly in the army, which led to migration of Sikhs to different parts of the country. The partition of India in 1947 further accentrated this migration process because a large number of Sikh refugees from Pakistan settled outside Punjab. Moreover, as a result of “push” factor, some agriculturally based Sikhs of Punjab went to cities all over India in search of employment in which they specialized; these were often single male migrants which caused comparatively greater female ratio in some districts of Punjab, whereas, in the urban areas outside of Punjab, there is larger male ratio. At the same time, in Punjab the greater bulk of the Sikh population is rural, which is also true of Indian population as a whole; outside of Punjab, the Sikh population is overwhelmingly urban. Though Sikh diffusion has remained restricted to the Punjab plains, their migration has witnessed a spread in the last 125 years covering different parts of India.