Aswin P. L. Jägers

Towers for telescopes with extreme stability: Active or passive?

High-resolution telescopes require a mechanical stability of fractions of an arc second. Placing such a telescope on top of a tower will improve the local seeing. An open transparent tower of framework minimizes the upward, temperature disturbed air flow. The tower platform has to be extremely stable against rotational motions, which have to be less than fractions of an arc second, unusual in mechanical engineering. Active systems can improve the stability. However, they need sensors for position measurements, active actuators and a control loop. The performance is limited by the available signal-to-noise ratio. Consequently, improvement of the passive stability of large tower structures will significantly contribute to the final stability. Special geometries in steel framework can reach extreme passive stability of a tower platform, particularly against rotational motions. There are several groups of basic geometries, which lead to solutions and we will give a systematic description. The proposed towers can be welded or screwed together from smaller parts. This makes a construction in adverse environments like the Antarctic region within good reach.

Large fully retractable telescope enclosures still closable in strong wind

Two prototypes of fully retractable enclosures with diameters of 7 and 9 m have been built for the high-resolution solar telescopes DOT (Dutch Open Telescope) and GREGOR, both located at the Canary Islands. These enclosures protect the instruments for bad weather and are fully open when the telescopes are in operation. The telescopes and enclosures also operate in hard wind. The prototypes are based on tensioned membrane between movable but stiff bows, which fold together to a ring when opened. The height of the ring is small. The prototypes already survived several storms, with often snow and ice, without any damage, including hurricane Delta with wind speeds up to 68 m/s. The enclosures can still be closed and opened with wind speeds of 20 m/s without any problems or restrictions. The DOT successfully demonstrated the open, wind-flushing concept for astronomical telescopes. It is now widely recognized that also large future telescopes benefit from wind-flushing and retractable enclosures. These telescopes require enclosures with diameters of 30 m until roughly 100 m, the largest sizes for the ELTs (Extreme Large Telescopes), which will be built in the near future. We discuss developments and required technology for the realization of these large sizes.

Fast foldable tent domes

In the near future ELTs (Extreme Large Telescopes) will be built. Preferably these telescopes should operate without obstructions in the near surrounding to reach optimal seeing conditions and avoid large turbulences with wind-gust accelerations around large obstacles. This applies also to future large solar telescopes. At present two foldable dome prototypes have been built on the Canary Islands: the Dutch Open Telescope (DOT, La Palma) and the GREGOR Telescope (Tenerife), having a diameter of 7 and 9 meter, respectively. The domes are usually fully retracted during observations. The research consists of measurements on the two domes. New camera systems are developed and placed inside the domes for precise dome deformation measurements within 0.1 mm over the whole dome size. Simultaneously, a variety of wind-speed and -direction sensors measure the wind field around the dome. In addition, fast sensitive air-pressure sensors placed on the supporting bows measure the wind pressure. The aim is to predict accurately the expected forces and deformations on up-scaled, fully retractable domes to make their construction more economically. The dimensions of 7 and 9 meter are large enough for realistic on-site tests in gusty wind and will give much more information than wind tunnel experiments.

Foldable dome climate measurements and thermal properties

As part of a larger project for measuring various aspects of foldable domes in the context of EST and with support of the Dutch Technology Foundation STW, we have collected over a year of continuous temperature and humidity measurements, both inside and outside the domes of the Dutch Open Telescope (DOT) on La Palma5 and the GREGOR telescope on Tenerife.6 In addition, we have measured the wind field around each dome. Although the structure of both domes is similar, the DOT dome has a single layer of cloth, and is situated on top of an open tower. In contrast, the GREGOR dome has a double layer of cloth, and is situated on top of a tower-shaped building. These differences result in large differences in temperature and humidity insulation when the dome is closed. We will present the changes in temperature and humidity one can expect for each dome within one day, and the statistics for the variations throughout a year. In addition, we will show that the main advantage of a foldable dome is the near instantaneous equilibration of the air inside the volume originally enclosed by the dome and that of the environment outside the dome. This property allows one to operate a telescope without needing expensive air conditioning and dome skin temperature control in order to limit dome and shell seeing effects. The measurements give also information about the weather fluctuations at the sites of the domes. It was observed that on small time scales the temperature fluctuations are significantly greater during the day than during the night.

Seeing measurements with autonomous, short-baseline shadow band rangers

There is growing interest in measuring seeing at existing and prospective telescope sites. Several methods exist to quantify seeing, one among them is by measuring the scintillation of solar or lunar light using a photodiode. A shadow band ranger (SHABAR) analyses the covariance of the signals from an array of such photodiodes, which allows for the spatial resolution of the index of refraction above the SHABAR device. This allows one to estimate the index of refraction structure parameter as a function of height, C2n(h). Although a SHABAR has a limited range compared to a differential image motion monitor (DIMM) or the latest wavefront sensors, the advantage is that it does not need telescope optics to work. A SHABAR device can be made very compact and can operate independent of other instruments. We describe the design of such a SHABAR device with six photodiodes that can operate virtually indefinitely without requiring human intervention. An inversion algorithm is used to convert the raw scintillation signals of the photodiodes to the desired C2n(h) profile and a value for the Fried parameter r0 at height zero. We show that it is possible to perform inversions of 10 s periods in real time on relatively low-end hardware, such as an Intel Atom based computer, which allows the results to be presented live to astronomers, who can use this information to help make decisions about their observation schedule.

The enclosure for the European Solar Telescope (EST)

The European Solar Telescope (EST) is a 4-m class solar telescope, which is currently in the conceptual design phase. EST will be located in the Canary Islands and aims at observations with high spectral, spatial and temporal resolution of the solar photosphere and chromosphere. The main purpose of the enclosure is to protect the telescope and instruments from severe weather conditions. An enclosure is also often needed for reducing wind buffeting on the telescope and primary mirror cell, but on the other hand enclosures are generally considered to degrade local seeing. In this contribution we will present the conceptual design of the enclosure for EST. Two different concepts have been studied in more detail: the first being a dome concept with vent gates to enhance local flushing, the other being a retractable enclosure, with an optional windshield. Technically both alternatives seem feasible, but we conclude that the retractable enclosure is the less risky solution, since it allows easier local seeing control and allows the use of a reflecting heat stop in the primary focus. A windshield is effective in reducing wind load on the primary mirror; although preliminary analysis indicate that there are feasible solutions to keep the deformation caused by wind buffeting within the requirements.

Contactless sub-millimeter displacement measurements

Weather effects on foldable domes, as used at the DOT and GREGOR, are investigated, in particular the correlation between the wind field and the stresses caused to both metal framework and tent clothing. Camera systems measure contactless the displacement of several dome points. The stresses follow from the measured deformation pattern. The cameras placed near the dome floor do not disturb telescope operations. In the set-ups of DOT and GREGOR, these cameras are up to 8 meters away from the measured points and must be able to detect displacements of less than 0.1 mm. The cameras have a FireWire (IEEE1394) interface to eliminate the need for frame grabbers. Each camera captures 15 images of 640 × 480 pixels per second. All data is processed on-site in real-time. In order to get the best estimate for the displacement within the constraints of available processing power, all image processing is done in Fourier-space, with all convolution operations being pre-computed once. A sub-pixel estimate of the peak of the correlation function is made. This enables to process the images of four cameras using only one commodity PC with a dual-core processor, and achieve an effective sensitivity of up to 0.01 mm. The deformation measurements are well correlated to the simultaneous wind measurements. The results are of high interest to upscaling the dome design (ELTs and solar telescopes).

GISOT: a giant solar telescope

A concept is presented for an extremely large high-resolution solar telescope with an aperture of 11 m and diffraction limited for visual wavelengths. The structure of GISOT will be transparent to wind and placed on a transparent stiff tower. For efficient wind flushing, all optics, including the primary mirror, will be located above the elevation axis. The aperture will be of the order of 11 m, not rotatively symmetrical, but of an elongated shape with dimensions 11 x 4 m. It consists of a central on-axis 4 m mirror with on both sides 3 pieces of 2 m mirrors. The optical layout will be kept simple to guarantee quality and minimize stray light. A Coudé room for instruments is planned below the telescope. The telescope will not be housed in a dome-like construction, which interferes with the open principle. Instead the telescope will be protected by a foldable tent construction with a diameter of the order of 30 m, which doesn’t form any obstruction during observations, but can withstand the severe weather circumstances on mountain sites. Because of the nature of the solar scene, extremely high resolution in only one dimension is sufficient to solve many exciting problems in solar physics and in this respect the concept of GISOT is very promising.

The Dutch Open Telescope on La Palma

The Dutch Open Telescope (DOT) on La Palma is an innovative solar telescope combining open telescope structure and an open support tower with a multi-wavelength imaging assembly and with synchronous speckle cameras to generate high-resolution movies which sample different layers of the solar atmosphere simultaneously and co-spatially at high resolution over long durations. The DOT test and development phase is nearly concluded. The installation of an advanced speckle processor enables full science utilization including “Open-DOT” time allocation to the international community. Co-pointing with spectropolarimeters at other Canary Island telescopes and with TRACE furnishes valuable Solar-B precursor capabilities.

Cornelis Zwaan, open principle, and the future of high-resolution solar telescopes

It was in the years around 1970 that during site-test campaigns for JOSO masts were erected up till 30 m height with sensors at several heights for the measurement of temperature fluctuations. Cornelis (Kees) Zwaan discovered that the fluctuations decrease drastically at heights from about 15 m and upward when there is some wind. The conclusion from this experience was the open telescope principle: the telescope should be completely free in the air 15 m or more above the ground. The Dutch Open Telescope (DOT) was the pioneering demonstrator of the open-telescope technology. Now that larger high-resolution telescopes come in view, it is time to analyze again the principle: (i) the essentials for proper working of the open principle; (ii) the differences with nighttime observations particularly concerning the seeing; (iii) the design consequences for the new generation of high-resolution solar telescopes.