Athanassios N. Skodras

The JPEG2000 still image coding system: an overview

With the increasing use of multimedia technologies, image compression requires higher performance as well as new features. To address this need in the specific area of still image encoding, a new standard is currently being developed, the JPEG2000. It is not only intended to provide rate-distortion and subjective image quality performance superior to existing standards, but also to provide features and functionalities that current standards can either not address efficiently or in many cases cannot address at all. Lossless and lossy compression, embedded lossy to lossless coding, progressive transmission by pixel accuracy and by resolution, robustness to the presence of bit-errors and region-of-interest coding, are some representative features. It is interesting to note that JPEG2000 is being designed to address the requirements of a diversity of applications, e.g. Internet, color facsimile, printing, scanning, digital photography, remote sensing, mobile applications, medical imagery, digital library and E-commerce.

The JPEG 2000 still image compression standard

One of the aims of the standardization committee has been the development of Part I, which could be used on a royalty- and fee-free basis. This is important for the standard to become widely accepted. The standardization process, which is coordinated by the JTCI/SC29/WG1 of the ISO/IEC has already produced the international standard (IS) for Part I. In this article the structure of Part I of the JPFG 2000 standard is presented and performance comparisons with established standards are reported. This article is intended to serve as a tutorial for the JPEG 2000 standard. The main application areas and their requirements are given. The architecture of the standard follows with the description of the tiling, multicomponent transformations, wavelet transforms, quantization and entropy coding. Some of the most significant features of the standard are presented, such as region-of-interest coding, scalability, visual weighting, error resilience and file format aspects. Finally, some comparative results are reported and the future parts of the standard are discussed.

JPEG2000: the upcoming still image compression standard

With the increasing use of multimedia technologies, image compression requires higher performance as well as new features. To address this need in the specific area of still image encoding, a new standard is currently being developed, the JPEG2000. It is not only intended to provide rate-distortion and subjective image quality performance superior to existing standards, but also to provide functionality that current standards can either not address efficiently or not address at all.

Fast discrete cosine transform pruning

A new fast pruning algorithm is proposed for computing the N/sub 0/ lowest frequency components of a length-N discrete cosine transform, where N/sub 0/ is any integer less than or equal to N, and N=2/sup m/. The computational complexity of the developed algorithm is lower than any of the existing algorithms, resulting in significant time savings. In the special case that N/sub 0/=2/sup m0/, the required number of multiplications and additions is 1/2 m/sub 0/N and (m/sub 0/+1)N+( 1/2 m/sub 0/-2)N/sub 0/+1, respectively. >

The JPEG 2000 Suite

Contributor Biographies. Foreword. Series Editors Preface. Preface. Acknowledgments. List of Acronyms. Part A. 1 JPEG 2000 Core Coding System (Part 1) ( Majid Rabbani, Rajan L. Joshi, and Paul W. Jones ). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 JPEG 2000 Fundamental Building Blocks. 1.3 JPEG 2000 Bit-Stream Organization. 1.4 JPEG 2000 Rate Control. 1.5 Performance Comparison of the JPEG 2000 Encoder Options. 1.6 Additional Features of JPEG 2000 Part 1. Acknowledgments. References. 2 JPEG 2000 Extensions (Part 2) ( Margaret Lepley, J. Scott Houchin, James Kasner, and Michael Marcellin ). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Variable DC Offset. 2.3 Variable Scalar Quantization. 2.4 Trellis-Coded Quantization. 2.5 Precinct-Dependent Quantization. 2.6 Extended Visual Masking. 2.7 Arbitrary Decomposition. 2.8 Arbitrary Wavelet Transforms. 2.9 Multiple-Component Transform Extensions. 2.10 Nonlinear Point Transform. 2.11 Geometric Manipulation via a Code-Block Anchor Point (CBAP). 2.12 Single-Sample Overlap. 2.13 Region of Interest. 2.14 Extended File Format: JPX. 2.15 Extended Capabilities Signaling. Acknowledgments. References. 3 Motion JPEG 2000 and ISO Base Media File Format (Parts 3 and 12) ( Joerg Mohr ). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Motion JPEG 2000 and ISO Base Media File Format. 3.3 ISO Base Media File Format. 3.4 Motion JPEG 2000. References. 4 Compound Image File Format (Part 6) ( Frederik Temmermans, Tim Bruylants, Simon McPartlin, and Louis Sharpe ). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The JPM File Format. 4.3 Mixed Raster Content Model (MRC). 4.4 Streaming JPM Files. 4.5 Referencing JPM Files. 4.6 Metadata. 4.7 Boxes. 4.8 Profiles. 4.9 Conclusions. References. 5 JPSEC: Securing JPEG 2000 Files (Part 8) ( Susie Wee and Zhishou Zhang ). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 JPSEC Security Services. 5.3 JPSEC Architecture. 5.4 JPSEC Framework. 5.5 What: JPSEC Security Services. 5.6 Where: Zone of Influence (ZOI). 5.7 How: Processing Domain and Granularity. 5.8 JPSEC Examples. 5.9 Summary. References. 6 JPIP - Interactivity Tools, APIs, and Protocols (Part 9) ( Robert Prandolini ). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Data-Bins. 6.3 JPIP Basics. 6.4 Client Request-Server Response. 6.5 Advanced Topics. 6.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 7 JP3D - Extensions for Three-Dimensional Data (Part 10) ( Tim Bruylants, Peter Schelkens, and Alexis Tzannes ). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 JP3D: Going Volumetric. 7.3 Bit-Stream Organization. 7.4 Additional Features of JP3D. 7.5 Compression performances: JPEG 2000 Part 1 versus JP3D. 7.6 Implications for Other Parts of JPEG 2000. Acknowledgments. References. 8 JPWL - JPEG 2000 Wireless (Part 11) ( Frederic Dufaux ). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Background. 8.3 JPWL Overview. 8.4 Normative Parts. 8.5 Informative Parts. 8.6 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. Part B. 9 JPEG 2000 for Digital Cinema ( Siegfried F o ssel ). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 General Requirements for Digital Cinema. 9.3 Distribution of Digital Cinema Content. 9.4 Archiving of Digital Movies. 9.5 Future Use of JPEG 2000 within Digital Cinema. 9.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 10 Security Applications for JPEG 2000 Imagery ( John Apostolopoulos, Frederic Dufaux, and Qibin Sun ). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Secure Transcoding and Secure Streaming. 10.3 Multilevel Access Control. 10.4 Selective or Partial Encryption of Image Content. 10.5 Image Authentication. 10.6 Summary. Acknowledgments. References. 11 Video Surveillance and Defense Imaging ( Touradj Ebrahimi and Frederic Dufaux ). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Scrambling. 11.3 Overview of a Typical Video Surveillance System. 11.4 Overview of a Video Surveillance System Based on JPEG 2000 and ROI Scrambling. 12 JPEG 2000 Application in GIS and Remote Sensing ( Bernard Brower, Robert Fiete, and Roddy Shuler ). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Geographic Information Systems. 12.3 Recommendations for JPEG 2000 Encoding. 12.4 Other JPEG 2000 Parts to Consider. References. 13 Medical Imaging ( Alexis Tzannes and Ron Gut ). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Background. 13.3 DICOM and JPEG 2000 Part 1. 13.4 DICOM and JPEG 2000 Part 2. 13.5 Example Results. 13.6 Image Streaming, DICOM, and JPIP. References. 14 Digital Culture Imaging ( Greg Colyer, Robert Buckley, and Athanassios Skodras ). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 The Digital Culture Context. 14.3 Digital Culture and JPEG 2000. 14.4 Application - National Digital Newspaper Program. Acknowledgments. References. 15 Broadcast Applications ( Hans Hoffman, Adi Kouadio, and Luk Overmeire ). 15.1 Introduction - From Tape-Based to File-Based Production. 15.2 Broadcast Production Chain Reference Model. 15.3 Codec Requirements for Broadcasting Applications. 15.4 Overview of State-of-the-Art HD Compression Schemes. 15.5 JPEG 2000 Applications. 15.6 Multigeneration Production Processes. 15.7 JPEG 2000 Comparison with SVC. 15.8 Conclusion. References. 16 JPEG 2000 in 3-D Graphics Terrain Rendering ( Gauthier Lafruit, Wolfgang Van Raemdonck, Klaas Tack, and Eric Delfosse ). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Tiling: The Straightforward Solution to Texture Streaming. 16.3 View-Dependent JPEG 2000 Texture Streaming and Mipmapping. 16.4 JPEG 2000 Quality and Decoding Time Scalability for Optimal Quality-Workload Tradeoff. 16.5 Conclusion. References. 17 Conformance Testing, Reference Software, and Implementations ( Peter Schelkens, Yiannis Andreopoulos, and Joeri Barbarien ). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Part 4 - Conformance Testing. 17.3 Part 5 - Reference Software. 17.4 Implementation of the Discrete Wavelet Transform as Suggested by the JPEG 2000 Standard. 17.5 JPEG 2000 Hardware and Software Implementations. 17.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. 18 Ongoing Standardization Efforts ( Touradj Ebrahimi, Athanassios Skodras, and Peter Schelkens ). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 JPSearch. 18.3 JPEG XR. 18.4 Advanced Image Coding and Evaluation Methodologies (AIC). References. Index.

Data Hiding in H. 264 Encoded Video Sequences

A new method for high capacity data hiding in H.264 streams is presented. The proposed method takes advantage of the different block sizes used by the H.264 encoder during the inter prediction stage in order to hide the desirable data. It is a blind data hiding scheme, i.e. the message can be extracted directly from the encoded stream without the need of the original host video. This fragile data hiding approach can be mainly used for content-based authentication and covert communication.

Color image-adaptive watermarking

A novel scheme for the watermarking of colour images is presented in this communication. The first objective is to find the most suitable alternative to RGB color space, which is highly correlated. Colour spaces with linear relation to RGB colour space with uncorrelated components are found to be most suitable for watermarking applications. Second objective is to make the scheme adaptive to o/spl circ/c

Medical image authentication and self-correction through an adaptive reversible watermarking technique

80a/spl ring/ colour image. This is achieved by keeping the PSNR in a predefined quality range, while timing the watermark strength parameter. Watermark detection is fast and blind, i.e. only the watermark generation and coefficient randomization keys are needed, and not the original image. The presented results demonstrate the robustness of the method against some common image processing attacks such as compression, scaling, uniform or gaussian noise addition, median filtering, cropping and multiple watermarking.

Side-Information-Dependent Correlation Channel Estimation in Hash-Based Distributed Video Coding

With the advent of Information Technology in the medical world, various radiological modalities produce a variety of digital medical files most often datasets and images. These files as any digital asset should be protected from unwanted modification of their contents, especially as they contain vital medical information. Thus their protection and authentication seems of great importance and this need will rise along with the future standardization of exchange of data between hospitals or between patients and doctors. Watermarking, a technique first introduced for multimedia files, provides a method for authentication and protection and has been recently applied to medical images. In this paper, we propose a novel watermarking technique where the region of non-interest (RONI) of medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images, is used to embed the region of interest (ROI). In this way, any tampering attempt, not only will be detected, but also the image could be self-restored, back to its previous, ldquooriginalrdquo form by extracting the ROI from the RONI.

Direct transform to transform computation

In the context of low-cost video encoding, distributed video coding (DVC) has recently emerged as a potential candidate for uplink-oriented applications. This paper builds on a concept of correlation channel (CC) modeling, which expresses the correlation noise as being statistically dependent on the side information (SI). Compared with classical side-information-independent (SII) noise modeling adopted in current DVC solutions, it is theoretically proven that side-information-dependent (SID) modeling improves the Wyner-Ziv coding performance. Anchored in this finding, this paper proposes a novel algorithm for online estimation of the SID CC parameters based on already decoded information. The proposed algorithm enables bit-plane-by-bit-plane successive refinement of the channel estimation leading to progressively improved accuracy. Additionally, the proposed algorithm is included in a novel DVC architecture that employs a competitive hash-based motion estimation technique to generate high-quality SI at the decoder. Experimental results corroborate our theoretical gains and validate the accuracy of the channel estimation algorithm. The performance assessment of the proposed architecture shows remarkable and consistent coding gains over a germane group of state-of-the-art distributed and standard video codecs, even under strenuous conditions, i.e., large groups of pictures and highly irregular motion content.