Aylene Bousquat

Tipologia das regiões de saúde: condicionantes estruturais para a regionalização no Brasil

O desenvolvimento socioeconomico, a oferta e a complexidade das acoes e dos servicos de saude no contexto regional podem ser considerados condicionantes estruturais para o exito do atual processo de regionalizacao da saude no Brasil. O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar os condicionantes estruturais do processo de regionalizacao por meio da construcao de uma tipologia das regioes de saude no Brasil. Foi construida tipologia das regioes de saude brasileiras a partir de fonte de dados secundarios disponivel. A identificacao das dimensoes e dos grupos - que compoem a tipologia - foi realizada por meio de analise fatorial e de agrupamentos/clusters. Tambem foram identificados o tipo de prestador de acoes e os servicos predominantes na regiao tanto para a producao ambulatorial quanto para a internacao. As regioes foram classificadas em cinco grupos, de forma independente, de acordo com suas caracteristicas socioeconomicas e de oferta de servicos de saude. A caracterizacao das regioes de saude brasileiras, a partir da tipologia apresentada, demonstra heterogeneidade do territorio nacional e a complexidade de organizar sistemas de saude regionais. A tipologia proposta pode auxiliar na investigacao e no melhor entendimento desse cenario contraditorio e complexo, apoiando o urgente desenvolvimento de politicas publicas regionais integradas que envolvam, concomitantemente, desenvolvimento economico e social; e o fortalecimento dos espacos de governanca regional, a fim de promover a organizacao de sistemas de saude regionais alicercados nos principios do SUS e numa gestao compartilhada e solidaria que tenha como imagem-objetivo a garantia do direito a saude.

Atenção primária à saúde e coordenação do cuidado nas regiões de saúde: perspectiva de gestores e usuários

This paper aims to analyze the healthcare coordination by Primary Health Care (PHC), with the backdrop of building a Health Care Network (RAS) in a region in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We conducted a case study with qualitative and quantitative approaches, proceeding to the triangulation of data between the perception of managers and experience of users. We drew analysis realms and variables from the three pillars of healthcare coordination - informational, clinical and administrative/organizational. Stroke was the tracer event chosen and therapeutic itineraries were conducted with users and questionnaires applied to the managers. The central feature of the construction of the Health Care Network in the studied area is the prominence of a philanthropic organization. The results suggest fragility of PHC in healthcare coordination in all analyzed realms. Furthermore, we identified a public-private mix, in addition to services contracted from the Unified Health System (SUS), with out-of-pocket payments for specialist consultation, tests and rehabilitation. Much in the same way that there is no RAS without a robust PHC capable of coordinating care, PHC is unable to play its role without a solid regional arrangement and a virtuous articulation between the three federative levels.Resumo O objetivo deste artigo e analisar a coordenacao do cuidado pela Atencao Primaria a Saude (APS), tendo como pano de fundo o processo de construcao da Rede de Atencao a Saude (RAS) em regiao do estado de Sao Paulo. Foi realizado estudo de caso com abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa, procedendo-se a triangulacao dos dados, entre a percepcao dos gestores e as experiencias dos usuarios. As dimensoes e as variaveis de analise partiram dos tres pilares da coordenacao do cuidado – informacional, clinico, administrativo/organizacional. Tendo como evento tracador o Acidente Vascular Encefalico, itinerarios terapeuticos foram conduzidos com usuarios e questionarios aplicados a gestores. A construcao da Rede de Atencao a Saude na regiao estudada tem como traco central o protagonismo de entidade filantropica. Os resultados sugerem fragilidades da APS em assumir papel de coordenacao do cuidado em todas as dimensoes analisadas. Ademais, foi identificado mix publico-privado para alem dos servicos contratados pelo SUS, com desembolso direto para consultas especializadas, exames e reabilitacao. Da mesma forma que nao existe RAS sem APS robusta capaz de coordenar o cuidado, a APS nao consegue exercer seu papel sem um solido arranjo regional e uma articulacao virtuosa entre os tres entes federados.

Evaluation of Brazilian Primary Health Care From the Perspective of the Users: Accessible, Continuous, and Acceptable?

The objective of this study was to examine the experience of primary care center (PCC) users in Brazil, classified according to the quality of its structure, in relation to the aspects of accessibility, continuity, and acceptability. The source of information was the National Program to Improve Access and Quality of Primary Care in 2013-2014. A total of 109 919 interviewees in 24 055 PCCs comprised the sample. Results show that the structure of a PCC was associated with better indicators of accessibility (oral health and medicines) and continuity of care (patient navigation in the health system). No association was found between indicators of accessibility and the PCC structure.

Regionalização e Redes de Saúde

Resumo O artigo teve como objetivo refletir sobre os desafios da construcao das Regioes e Redes de Saude no Brasil. Sao elencados como desafios centrais para a constituicao das Regioes e Redes de Saude: o Modelo de Atencao, a Atencao Primaria a Saude, o Cuidado aos Usuarios com Doencas Cronicas e a Assistencia Hospitalar. Para a consolidacao das Regioes e Redes e necessaria a incorporacao de um sentido etico da organizacao: a centralidade nas necessidades sociais, populacionais e individuais, derivadas da integralidade, dos direitos humanos e sociais, em amplas interacoes multiescalares e intersetoriais; com a constituicao de uma inovacao sistemica regionalizada. E central a capacidade de divisar quais sao os principios gerais responsaveis por manter a unidade (o modo de atencao), buscando balizar a coerencia dos diferentes modelos de provisao que o sistema pode desenvolver segundo as necessidades sociais em contextos regionais. Sem isso, os usuarios continuarao a buscar e a criar maneiras de acessar os servicos de saude que desafiam a racionalidade dos proprios servicos. E tambem necessaria uma reforma hospitalar que integre e reoriente as redes. Essas ponderacoes sao importantes para que o SUS mantenha seu projeto de solidariedade, expresso na triade da universalidade-integralidade-equidade.The aim of this article was to reflect on the challenges faced in building the Health Regions and Networks in Brazil. These reflections result from studies conducted in several health regions. The central challenges for the constitution of the Health Regions and Networks are as follows: the Care Model, Primary Health Care, Care for Users with Chronic Diseases, and Hospital Care. In order to consolidate the regions and networks the organization needs to incorporate an ethical sense: focusing on social, public and individual needs, derived from comprehensive care, human and social rights, in broad, multi-scale and inter-sectorial interactions, with the constitution of a systemic, regionalized innovation. Of prime importance is the capacity to devise which general principles are responsible for maintaining the unity(mode of care), seeking to outline the coherence of the different provision models that the system might develop according to the social needs in regional settings. Without that, users will continue to seek and create ways of accessing health services that challenge the rationale of those very services. Hospital reform is also required to integrate and reorient the hospital networks. These reflections are important for the SUS to uphold its solidarity project, expressed in the trinity of universality-comprehensiveness-equality.

A provisão emergencial de médicos pelo Programa Mais Médicos e a qualidade da estrutura das unidades básicas de saúde

The health policy context in Brazil has featured a series of measures to improve primary health care (PHC), including a national access and quality improvement program (Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade, PMAQ-AB) and the Mais Medicos Program (More Doctors, PMM) and upgrading PHC centers (‘Requalifica UBS’). The paper examines the PMMs placement of doctors, by quality of PHC structure, in an endeavor to identify synergies among the three programs. It reports on a transverse study based on secondary data from PMAQ-AB Cycles 1 and 2, the PMM and ‘Requalifica UBS’. The PHC facilities inventoried during PMAQ-AB Cycle 1 were classified, on pre-established typology, into five groups ranked from A (best) to E (failed). They were then compared in terms of PMM personnel allocated and Requalifica UBS proposals. The results point to convergences in investments by the three programs. Incentives targeted predominantly PHC facilities of types B and C, indicating a concentration of efforts on PHC facilities with potential for structural quality improvements. In addition to expanding access, the provision of doctors by the PMM, added to infrastructure upgrades and work process improvements, contributes to addressing high turnover and guaranteeing retention of doctors in PHC.

Relações federativas no Programa Academia da Saúde: estudo de dois municípios paulistas

O objetivo e a analise das relacoes federativas na implementacao do Programa Academia da Saude em municipios do estado de Sao Paulo. Realizado estudo de caso com analise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas; utilizou-se o referencial teorico do ciclo da politica. Observou-se inducao direta do Ministerio da Saude no municipio por meio da normalizacao, dos interesses politicos e do incentivo financeiro. A participacao dos estados e burocratica e restrita a Comissao Intergestora Bipartite. Municipios sao financeiramente dependentes para implementacao. Nao se observa possibilidade concreta de adaptacao as realidades locais.

Health Policy on the pages of Revista de Saúde Pública

ABSTRACT We carried out a narrative review of the scientific production in the area of Policy, Planning and Management in Revista de Saúde Pública (RSP), between 1967 and 2015. All the fascicles of RSP, in the period, were accessed via SciELO platform, which provides all articles online. We selected and classified the articles according to the main topics of scientific production in the area of Policy, Planning and Management. Revista de Saúde Pública has published 343 articles on this subject, with significant growth in the last two decades. The most discussed topics were Health Economics, Primary Health-care, Access and Use of Health Services, and Evaluation of Services and Programs. In the last decade, the topics of Policy and Access to Medicines and Public-Private Relationship, including judicialization, gained importance. The pages of RSP embraced the vast and diverse production of Policy, Planning and Management in its first 50 years, contributing to the consolidation of the area in Brazil.

Contato pele a pele ao nascer: um desafio para a promoção do aleitamento materno em maternidade pública no Nordeste brasileiro com o título de Hospital Amigo da Criança

OBJECTIVE to identify prevalence of compliance with the fourth step of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative - to put the babies in skin-to-skin contact with their mothers immediately after birth for at least half an hour - in a public hospital in Northeast Brazil. METHODS this was a cross-sectional study using data from interviews with mothers who had recently given birth during a typical week in 2014. RESULTS 107 mothers were interviewed; 9.3% had completed the fourth step properly; the fourth step was negatively associated to cesarean section (p<0.01), and adequacy was not associated with receiving guidance on breastfeeding during the prenatal period or with breastfeeding in the first hour of life. CONCLUSION low compliance with the fourth step is cause for concern, especially because this is a Baby-Friendly Hospital; cesarean section was detrimental to infant skin-to-skin contact with their mothers immediately after birth.OBJECTIVE: to identify prevalence of compliance with the fourth step of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative - to put the babies in skin-to-skin contact with their mothers immediately after birth for at least half an hour - in a public hospital in Northeast Brazil. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study using data from interviews with mothers who had recently given birth during a typical week in 2014. RESULTS: 107 mothers were interviewed; 9.3% had completed the fourth step properly; the fourth step was negatively associated to cesarean section (p<0.01), and adequacy was not associated with receiving guidance on breastfeeding during the prenatal period or with breastfeeding in the first hour of life. CONCLUSION: low compliance with the fourth step is cause for concern, especially because this is a Baby-Friendly Hospital; cesarean section was detrimental to infant skin-to-skin contact with their mothers immediately after birth.