Azhari Muhammad Syam

Palm Oil Derived Trimethylolpropane Triesters Synthetic Lubricants and Usage in Industrial Metalworking Fluid

Trimethylolpropane triesters are biodegradable synthetic lubricant base oil alternative to mineral oils, polyalphaolefins and diesters. These oils can be produced from trimethylolpropane (TMP) and fatty acid methyl esters via chemical or enzymatic catalyzed synthesis methods. In the present study, a commercial palm oil derived winter grade biodiesel (ME18) was evaluated as a viable and sustainable methyl ester source for the synthesis of high oleic trimethylolpropane triesters (HO-TMPTE). ME18 has fatty acid profile containing 86.8% oleic acid, 8.7% linoleic acid with the remaining minor concentration of palmitic acid, stearic acid and linolenic acid. Its high oleic property makes it superior to produce synthetic lubricant base oil that fulfills both the good low temperature property as well as good oxidative stability. The synthetic base oil produced had a viscosity of 44.3 mm(2)/s at 40°C meeting the needs for ISO 46 oils. It also exhibited an excellent viscosity index of 219 that is higher than some other commercial brands of trimethylolpropane trioleate. Properties of base oil such as cloud point, density, acid value, demulsibility and soap content were also examined. The oil was then used in the formulation of tapping oil and appraised in term of adaptability, stability and field test performance.

Kinetics of the transesterification of Jatropha curcas triglyceride with an alcohol in the presence of an alkaline catalyst

Jatropha curcas alkyl ester can be produced via a transesterification reaction of J. curcas triglyceride (JCT) using an alkaline catalyst with an alcohol. In this study, the reaction was carried out in a batch reactor under various operating conditions. The kinetics study of the transesterification of JCT with methanol was conducted at various temperatures ranging from 50 °C to 65 °C. The conversion of triglyceride (TG) and diglyceride (DG) into biodiesel followed a first-order mechanism, while the conversion of monoglyceride into biodiesel occurred too fast, thus assuming a non-limiting step. The reaction rate constants were determined and then plotted against temperatures for the determination of activation energies. The values of k TG ranged from 0.11 to 0.17 min−1 and the values of k DG ranged from 0.07 to 0.20 min−1. The activation energies for the transesterification of TG/DG with methanol were 27.38 and 46.72 kJ mol−1, respectively. The high E a values indicate that the transesterification of J. curcas is sensitive to temperature changes.

Momordica Charantia Seed Oil Methyl Esters: A Kinetic Study And Fuel Properties

Due to growing concerns such as increasing energy demand and the environmental issues-related fossil energy problems caused by consumption of fossil energy, it is needed to focus on nonedible oils for biodiesel production. In the present research work, the seed oil of Momordica charantia (M. charantia) was for the first time appraised as possible nonedible oil for synthesis of biodiesel. M. charantia has oil content (36.10 ± 4.20%), high acid value (1.82 mg KOH g−1), and its oil enable base-catalyzed transesterified for biodiesel production after acid pretreatment. It was transesterified under standard conditions at 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil; sodium methoxide (1.00 wt.% in relation to oil mass) as a catalyst; 60°C reaction temperature and 90 min of reaction time. At optimum conditions biodiesel yield of 93.2% was acquired. The reaction followed first order kinetics. The activation energy (E A) was 254.5 kcal mol−1 and the rate constant value was 1.30 × 10−4 min−1 at 60°C. Gas chromatography investigation of M. charantia seed oil methyl esters (MSOMEs) depicted that the fatty acid composition comprises a high proportion of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (64.11 ± 5.02%). MSOMEs were also characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. The tested fuel properties of the MSOMEs, except oxidative stability, were conformed to EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. The low-value oxidative stability of MSOMEs can be solved by adding antioxidants additives. In summary, M. charantia oil has potential as nonedible raw material for biodiesel production.

Kinetics of transesterification of jatropha curcas-based triglycerides with an alcohol in the presence of alkaline catalyst

The jatropha curcas methyl ester can be produced through a transesterification reaction by using an alkaline catalyst with an alcohol as the excess reactant. The reaction was carried out in a batch mixed reactor under various operating condition. The kinetics study on the transesterification of jatropha curcas-based triglycerides with methanol was carried out under various temperatures (323, 328, 333 and 338 K). The conversion of triglycerides into methyl esters follows the first-order mechanism for the forward reaction. The reaction rate constants were determined and finally the rate constants were plotted against temperatures for calculating the activation energies. The values of kTG ranges from 0.11 to 0.17 and the values of kDG are from 0.07 to 0.20 respectively. The activation energies for stepwise reactions for transesterification of jatropha curcas-based triglycerides and diglycerides with methanol are 27.38 and 46.72 kJ mol−1. Future work should examine the real step-wise reaction kinetics in jatropha curcas biodiesel production under acid catalyst.

Dynamic modeling of reversible methanolysis of Jatropha curcas oil to biodiesel.

Many kinetics studies on methanolysis assumed the reactions to be irreversible. The aim of the present work was to study the dynamic modeling of reversible methanolysis of Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) to biodiesel. The experimental data were collected under the optimal reaction conditions: molar ratio of methanol to JCO at 6 : 1, reaction temperature of 60°C, 60 min of reaction time, and 1% w/w of catalyst concentration. The dynamic modeling involved the derivation of differential equations for rates of three stepwise reactions. The simulation study was then performed on the resulting equations using MATLAB. The newly developed reversible models were fitted with various rate constants and compared with the experimental data for fitting purposes. In addition, analysis of variance was done statistically to evaluate the adequacy and quality of model parameters. The kinetics study revealed that the reverse reactions were significantly slower than forward reactions. The activation energies ranged from 6.5 to 44.4 KJ mol−1.