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Anaesthesist | 2007

[Out-of-hospital airway management in northern Germany. Physician-specific knowledge, procedures and equipment].

Arnd Timmermann; U. Braun; W. Panzer; Schlaeger M; Schnitzker M; B.M. Graf

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDie präklinische Sicherung der Atemwege stellt besondere Ansprüche an das notfallmedizinische Personal. Spezifische Daten über die individuelle Qualifikation der Notärzte (NA) und die Ausstattung der Rettungsmittel in der Region Norddeutschland liegen bisher nicht vor.Material und MethodenIn einer Umfrage an alle Rettungsleitstellen wurden die einzelnen NA zur ihren individuellen Kenntnissen, dem Vorgehen beim präklinischen Atemwegsmanagement und der Ausrüstung befragt.ErgebnisseInsgesamt antworteten 606xa0NA aus 59 von 66 der befragten Leitstellen (89,4%). Von den Befragten waren 56,1% NA aus dem Fachgebiet Anästhesie. Die NA anderer Fachgebiete kamen aus der inneren Medizin (22,6%), der Chirurgie (12,4%), der Allgemeinmedizin (5,6%) und sonstigen Fachgebieten (3,3%). Die Durchführung von mehr als 100 endotrachealen Intubationen (ETI) unter innerklinischen Bedingungen wurde von 100% der anästhesiologischen NA und von 35,2% der NA anderer Fachgebiete berichtet. 93% aller NA schätzten die präklinische ETI schwieriger als die innerklinische ETI ein. Es verwenden 33,0% der anästhesiologischen und 6,1% der nichtanästhesiologischen NA in mehr als 20% Muskelrelaxanzien zur ETI. Eine exspiratorische CO2-Kontrolle zur Verifizierung der Tubuslage wird von 38,1% der anästhesiologischen und von 12,1% der nichtanästhesiologischen NA durchgeführt. Mehr als 20xa0Anwendungen extraglottischer Atemwege wurden von 97,8% der anästhesiologischen NA und von 11,1% der NA anderer Fachgebiete angeben. Von allen Rettungsmitteln waren 44,4% mit einem extraglottischen Atemweg, 57,8% mit einem Koniotomieset und 27,1% mit der Möglichkeit der CO2-Kontrolle ausgestattet.SchlussfolgerungWeder die Ausstattung der Rettungsmittel noch die individuellen Kenntnisse, insbesondere bei den nichtanästhesiologischen NA, sind derzeit flächendeckend ausreichend, um die hohen Anforderungen des präklinischen Atemwegsmanagements erfüllen zu können.AbstractBackgroundOut-of-hospital airway management confronts emergency medical teams with complex challenges. To date no specific data are available on the qualifications of emergency physicians (EPs) and the quality of emergency equipment in northern Germany.Materials and methodsThis study surveyed individual EPs at regional emergency dispatch centres about their personal knowledge and skills, and the procedures and equipment used in out-of-hospital airway management.ResultsA total of 606 EPs from 59 of the 66 (89.4%) regional emergency dispatch centres surveyed responded and 56.1% of the EPs questioned were anesthesiologists. The other EPs were qualified in either internal medicine (22.6%), surgery (12.4%), general medicine (5.6%) or other specialties (3.3%). All (100%) of the EPs trained in anesthesia and 35.2% of the other EPs reported that they had performed more than 100 in-hospital endotracheal intubations (ETI). 93% of all EPs rated out-of-hospital ETI as more difficult than in-hospital ETI. A total of 33.0% of anesthesia-trained EPs and 6.1% of the other EPs used muscle relaxants for ETI in more than 20% of the cases. Of the anesthesia-trained EPs 38.1% used expiratory CO2 monitoring to verify tube placement compared to 12.1% of the other EPs. A total of 97.8% of anesthesia-trained EPs reported having used an extra-glottic airway device more than 20 times compared to 11.1% of the other EPs. For the emergency equipment 44.4% included an extraglottic airway device, 57.8% a cricothyrotomy set and 27.1% CO2 monitoring options.ConclusionNeither the emergency equipment nor the physicians’ knowledge and skills were sufficient to meet the special demands of out-of-hospital airway management, particularly among non-anesthesiologists.


Anaesthesist | 2007

Präklinisches Atemwegsmanagement in Norddeutschland

Arnd Timmermann; U. Braun; W. Panzer; Schlaeger M; Schnitzker M; B.M. Graf

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDie präklinische Sicherung der Atemwege stellt besondere Ansprüche an das notfallmedizinische Personal. Spezifische Daten über die individuelle Qualifikation der Notärzte (NA) und die Ausstattung der Rettungsmittel in der Region Norddeutschland liegen bisher nicht vor.Material und MethodenIn einer Umfrage an alle Rettungsleitstellen wurden die einzelnen NA zur ihren individuellen Kenntnissen, dem Vorgehen beim präklinischen Atemwegsmanagement und der Ausrüstung befragt.ErgebnisseInsgesamt antworteten 606xa0NA aus 59 von 66 der befragten Leitstellen (89,4%). Von den Befragten waren 56,1% NA aus dem Fachgebiet Anästhesie. Die NA anderer Fachgebiete kamen aus der inneren Medizin (22,6%), der Chirurgie (12,4%), der Allgemeinmedizin (5,6%) und sonstigen Fachgebieten (3,3%). Die Durchführung von mehr als 100 endotrachealen Intubationen (ETI) unter innerklinischen Bedingungen wurde von 100% der anästhesiologischen NA und von 35,2% der NA anderer Fachgebiete berichtet. 93% aller NA schätzten die präklinische ETI schwieriger als die innerklinische ETI ein. Es verwenden 33,0% der anästhesiologischen und 6,1% der nichtanästhesiologischen NA in mehr als 20% Muskelrelaxanzien zur ETI. Eine exspiratorische CO2-Kontrolle zur Verifizierung der Tubuslage wird von 38,1% der anästhesiologischen und von 12,1% der nichtanästhesiologischen NA durchgeführt. Mehr als 20xa0Anwendungen extraglottischer Atemwege wurden von 97,8% der anästhesiologischen NA und von 11,1% der NA anderer Fachgebiete angeben. Von allen Rettungsmitteln waren 44,4% mit einem extraglottischen Atemweg, 57,8% mit einem Koniotomieset und 27,1% mit der Möglichkeit der CO2-Kontrolle ausgestattet.SchlussfolgerungWeder die Ausstattung der Rettungsmittel noch die individuellen Kenntnisse, insbesondere bei den nichtanästhesiologischen NA, sind derzeit flächendeckend ausreichend, um die hohen Anforderungen des präklinischen Atemwegsmanagements erfüllen zu können.AbstractBackgroundOut-of-hospital airway management confronts emergency medical teams with complex challenges. To date no specific data are available on the qualifications of emergency physicians (EPs) and the quality of emergency equipment in northern Germany.Materials and methodsThis study surveyed individual EPs at regional emergency dispatch centres about their personal knowledge and skills, and the procedures and equipment used in out-of-hospital airway management.ResultsA total of 606 EPs from 59 of the 66 (89.4%) regional emergency dispatch centres surveyed responded and 56.1% of the EPs questioned were anesthesiologists. The other EPs were qualified in either internal medicine (22.6%), surgery (12.4%), general medicine (5.6%) or other specialties (3.3%). All (100%) of the EPs trained in anesthesia and 35.2% of the other EPs reported that they had performed more than 100 in-hospital endotracheal intubations (ETI). 93% of all EPs rated out-of-hospital ETI as more difficult than in-hospital ETI. A total of 33.0% of anesthesia-trained EPs and 6.1% of the other EPs used muscle relaxants for ETI in more than 20% of the cases. Of the anesthesia-trained EPs 38.1% used expiratory CO2 monitoring to verify tube placement compared to 12.1% of the other EPs. A total of 97.8% of anesthesia-trained EPs reported having used an extra-glottic airway device more than 20 times compared to 11.1% of the other EPs. For the emergency equipment 44.4% included an extraglottic airway device, 57.8% a cricothyrotomy set and 27.1% CO2 monitoring options.ConclusionNeither the emergency equipment nor the physicians’ knowledge and skills were sufficient to meet the special demands of out-of-hospital airway management, particularly among non-anesthesiologists.


BMC Palliative Care | 2008

Emergency calls and need for emergency care in patients looked after by a palliative care team: Retrospective interview study with bereaved relatives.

C.H.R. Wiese; Andrea Vossen-Wellmann; Hannah C. Morgenthal; Aron Frederik Popov; B.M. Graf; Gerd G. Hanekop

BackgroundDuring the last stage of life, palliative care patients often experience episodes of respiratory distress, bleeding, pain or seizures. In such situations, caregivers may call emergency medical services leading to unwanted hospital admissions. The study aims to show the influence of our palliative care team to reducing emergency calls by cancer patients or their relatives during the last six month of life.MethodsFifty relatives of deceased patients who had been attended by our palliative care team were randomly selected. Data was obtained retrospectively during a structured interview. In addition to demographic data, the number of emergency calls made during the final six months of the patients life, the reason for the call and the mental compound score (MCS-12) of the caregivers was registered.ResultsForty-six relatives agreed to the interview. Emergency calls were placed for 18 patients (39%) during the final six months of their lives. There were a total of 23 emergency calls. In 16 cases (70%) the patient was admitted to the hospital. Twenty-one (91%) of the calls were made before patients had been enrolled to receive palliative care from the team, and two (9%) were made afterwards. The mean mental compound score of the caregivers at the time of the interview was 41 (range 28–57). There was a lack of correlation between MCS-12 and number of emergency calls.ConclusionEmergency calls were more likely to occur if the patients were not being attended by our palliative care team. Because of the lack of correlation between MCS-12 and the number of emergency calls, the MCS-12 cannot indicate that acutely stressful situations triggered the calls. However, we conclude that special palliative care programs can reduce psychosocial strain in family caregivers. Therefore, the number of emergency calls may be reduced and this fact allows more palliative patients to die at home.


Anaesthesist | 2007

Notärztliche Betreuung von Tumorpatienten in der finalen Krankheitsphase

C.H.R. Wiese; U. Bartels; D. Ruppert; Michael Quintel; B.M. Graf; G.G. Hanekop

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDie Versorgung von Patienten mit Tumorerkrankungen im finalen Krankheitsstadium erfolgt zunehmend im außerklinischen Umfeld. Aus diesem Grund wird auch der Rettungsdienst mit der Betreuung dieser Patienten bei akut exazerbierendem progredienten Krankheitsverlauf konfrontiert. Bisher fehlt allerdings ein entsprechender Ausbildungsinhalt in der Musterweiterbildungsordnung im Bereich Notfallmedizin. Ebenso ist die mögliche Integration ambulanter „palliative care teams“ (PCT) in die ambulante Notfallbehandlung noch nicht ausreichend umgesetzt.MethodenIn einem Zeitraum von 12xa0Monaten wurden retrospektiv alle Einsätze an 2xa0Notarztstützpunkten (Hubschrauber und Notarzteinsatzfahrzeug) untersucht, die als „Tumorerkrankung/Finalstadium“ kategorisiert waren. Entsprechend wurden alle Notarztprotokolle im Untersuchungszeitraum ausgewertet. Die Einsatzindikation, die durchgeführte Therapie und der Einfluss vorhandener PCT auf die Therapie wurden ermittelt.ErgebnisseIm definierten Zeitraum wurden 2765xa0Patienten notärztlich betreut. Primär palliativmedizinisch begründet waren 2,5% der Notarzteinsätze. Überwiegend erfolgten die Einsätze außerhalb der regulären Sprechzeiten der die Patienten versorgenden Hausärzte. Die häufigste Einsatzindikation war die akute Dyspnoe (42,7%). Eine stationäre Einweisung fand bei 61,8% der Patienten statt. Eine Einbindung eines ambulanten PCT war in den meisten Fällen nicht vorhanden (92,7%).SchlussfolgerungAnhand der Einsatzhäufigkeiten konnte verdeutlicht werden, dass palliativmedizinische Fragestellungen auch in der Notfallmedizin relevant sind. Bei Tumorpatienten im finalen Krankheitsstadium ist trotz notärztlicher Alarmierung häufig ein palliativmedizinischer Therapieansatz notwendig und sinnvoll. Aus diesem Grund erscheint eine strukturierte Kooperation der involvierten medizinischen Fachgebiete (Notfall- und Palliativmedizin) dringend geboten. Durch die Integration palliativmedizinischer Expertise in die notärztliche Versorgung im Rettungsdienst kann eine zielgerichtete Therapie im Sinne des Patientenwunsches auch im Notfall gewährleistet werden. Dieses wäre z.xa0B. über eine Integration ambulanter PCT in die Versorgung von Tumorpatienten in finalen Krankheitsstadien möglich.AbstractBackgroundPresently and even more in the near future more cancer patients will be treated at home especially in the final stage of their disease. For this reason the prehospital emergency system will be confronted with the specific needs of these patients. Palliative care is not part of the German model of post-graduate training regulations for emergency medicine and palliative care teams (PCT) are only involved in the treatment of cancer patients in emergency situations.MethodsOver a 12-month period we retrospectively analysed all emergency cases that had been categorised as final cancer stage at 2 emergency sites (one air-based, the other ground-based) involving physicians in an out-of-hospital setting. We analysed all cases for indications of emergency call, prehospital treatment and involvement of a PCT in the treatment of symptoms.ResultsFor this period we analysed 2,765 emergency documents and identified more than 2.5% as emergency calls by cancer patients or their relatives (the majority of patients had been in the final stage of the disease). Most emergency calls occurred at times when no general practitioner was on duty and acute dyspnoea (42.7%) was the prominent diagnosis. After emergency treatment 61.8% patients had been admitted to hospital. In most settings a PCT was not involved in the treatment of palliative care patients or their relatives (92.7%).ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that care of cancer patients in the final stage of the disease is relevant in emergency medicine. These patients are in need of help based on principles of palliative care. Under these circumstances cooperation of the medical disciplines (emergency and palliative medicine) concerned seems to be necessary. This may increase the possibility for patients to stay at home for the last days of their life. Because of this we are convinced that basic knowledge of palliative care should be integrated into the German model of post-graduate training regulations for emergency care. Combining parts of the curricula (palliative and emergency medicine) it would be possible for emergency physicians to guide their treatment by the ideas and strategies of palliative care. But we are also convinced that the system of PCT should increase and become more involved in prehospital care in emergency cases of palliative care patients.


Anaesthesist | 2006

Neue Perspektiven der simulatorunterstützten Ausbildung in Kinderanästhesie und Kindernotfallmedizin

Christoph Eich; Sebastian G. Russo; Arnd Timmermann; E.A. Nickel; B.M. Graf

Anaesthesia and emergency medical care for infants and toddlers is often associated with high clinical demands and specific challenges. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of interventions is performed by anaesthetists and emergency physicians with no specialised paediatric training and little experience in the management of anaesthetic incidents and emergencies specific to these age groups. Extensive studies have demonstrated a close inverse correlation between the level of specialisation and perioperative morbidity and mortality. However, clinical circumstances and the relatively small number of paediatric cases at many institutions often hinder the establishment of improved training concepts. Recently, high-fidelity infant simulators have become available, which permit authentic exposure to a large spectrum of scenarios in paediatric anaesthesia and emergency medicine. A multimodular concept of training, including such simulator-based techniques, may relieve the widespread shortage in clinical experience, and hence greatly facilitate improvement of quality of care and patient safety.ZusammenfassungDie anästhesiologische und notfallmedizinische Versorgung von Säuglingen und Kleinkindern ist mit hohen klinischen Anforderungen verbunden. Dabei erfolgt ein Großteil der Maßnahmen durch pädiatrisch nichtspezialisierte Anästhesisten und Notärzte, die häufig wenig Routine im Umgang mit kinderanästhesiologischen Zwischenfällen und pädiatrischen Notfällen besitzen. Die Korrelation zwischen höherem Spezialisierungsgrad einerseits und verminderter perioperativer Morbidität und Mortalität andererseits ist durch umfangreiche Untersuchungen gut belegt. Die Etablierung verbesserter Ausbildungskonzepte scheitert jedoch häufig an den klinischen Strukturen und an den relativ geringen pädiatrischen Fallzahlen der meisten Einrichtungen. Seit kurzem nun stehen leistungsfähige Säuglingssimulatoren zur Verfügung, die ein sehr realitätsnahes Training eines großen Spektrums aus Kinderanästhesie und Kindernotfallmedizin ermöglichen. Ein multimodales Ausbildungskonzept, unter Einbeziehung simulatorunterstützter Techniken, könnte die weit verbreiteten Erfahrungsdefizite lindern und damit Behandlungsqualität und Patientensicherheit nachhaltig verbessern.AbstractAnaesthesia and emergency medical care for infants and toddlers is often associated with high clinical demands and specific challenges. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of interventions is performed by anaesthetists and emergency physicians with no specialised paediatric training and little experience in the management of anaesthetic incidents and emergencies specific to these age groups. Extensive studies have demonstrated a close inverse correlation between the level of specialisation and perioperative morbidity and mortality. However, clinical circumstances and the relatively small number of paediatric cases at many institutions often hinder the establishment of improved training concepts. Recently, high-fidelity infant simulators have become available, which permit authentic exposure to a large spectrum of scenarios in paediatric anaesthesia and emergency medicine. A multimodular concept of training, including such simulator-based techniques, may relieve the widespread shortage in clinical expierience, and hence greatly facilitate improvement of quality of care and patient safety.


BMC Emergency Medicine | 2008

Influence of airway management strategy on "no-flow-time" during an "Advanced life support course" for intensive care nurses – A single rescuer resuscitation manikin study

C.H.R. Wiese; U. Bartels; Alexander Schultens; Tobias Steffen; Andreas Torney; J. Bahr; B.M. Graf

BackgroundIn 1999, the laryngeal tube (VBM Medizintechnik, Sulz, Germany) was introduced as a new supraglottic airway. It was designed to allow either spontaneous breathing or controlled ventilation during anaesthesia; additionally it may serve as an alternative to endotracheal intubation, or bag-mask ventilation during resuscitation. Several variations of this supraglottic airway exist. In our study, we compared ventilation with the laryngeal tube suction for single use (LTS-D) and a bag-mask device. One of the main points of the revised ERC 2005 guidelines is a low no-flow-time (NFT). The NFT is defined as the time during which no chest compression occurs. Traditionally during the first few minutes of resuscitation NFT is very high. We evaluated the hypothesis that utilization of the LTS-D could reduce the NFT compared to bag-mask ventilation (BMV) during simulated cardiac arrest in a single rescuer manikin study.MethodsParticipants were studied during a one day advanced life support (ALS) course. Two scenarios of arrhythmias requiring defibrillation were simulated in a manikin. One scenario required subjects to establish the airway with a LTS-D; alternatively, the second scenario required them to use BMV. The scenario duration was 430 seconds for the LTS-D scenario, and 420 seconds for the BMV scenario, respectively. Experienced ICU nurses were recruited as study subjects. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two groups first (LTS-D and BMV) to establish the airway. Endpoints were the total NFT during the scenario, the successful airway management using the respective device, and participants preference of one of the two strategies for airway management.ResultsUtilization of the LTS-D reduced NFT significantly (p < 0.01). Adherence to the time frame of ERC guidelines was 96% in the LTS-D group versus 30% in the BMV group. Two participants in the LTS-D group required more than one attempt to establish the LTS-D correctly. Once established, ventilation was effective in 100%. In a subjective evaluation all participants preferred the LTS-D over BMV to provide ventilation in a cardiac arrest scenario.ConclusionIn our manikin study, NFT was reduced significantly when using LTS-D compared to BMV. During cardiac arrest, the LTS-D might be a good alternative to BMV for providing and maintaining a patent airway. For personnel not experienced in endotracheal intubation it seems to be a safe airway device in a manikin use.


Resuscitation | 2009

Influence of airway management strategy on “no-flow-time” in a standardized single rescuer manikin scenario (a comparison between LTS-D™ and I-gel)

C.H.R. Wiese; J. Bahr; A.F. Popov; José Hinz; B.M. Graf

BACKGROUNDnIn 2005 the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) published a revised version of the guidelines for Advanced Life Support (ALS). One of the aims was to reduce the time without chest compression in the first period of cardiac arrest (no-flow-time; NFT). We evaluated in a manikin study the influence on NFT using the single use laryngeal tube with suction option (LTS-D) compared to single use I-gel for emergency airway management.nnnMETHODSnA randomised prospective study with 200 paramedics who performed standardised simulated cardiac arrest management in a manikin.nnnRESULTSnThe use of the LTS-D did not significantly reduce NFT compared with the I-gel (104.7s vs. 105.1s; p>0.05). The LTS-D was inserted as fast as the I-gel (10.4s vs. 9.3s; p>0.05). The LTS-D was correctly positioned by 98% of the participants on the first attempt compared to 96% with the I-gel. During the cardiac arrest simulation, establishing and performing first ventilation took an average of 40.5s with the LTS-D compared to 40.9s with the I-gel.nnnCONCLUSIONnIn our manikin study, NFT was comparable using the LTS-D and the I-gel. Therefore, for personnel not experienced in tracheal intubation, the LTS-D and the I-gel seem to be equal alternatives in establishing the airway during cardiac arrest. However, relevant clinical studies are appropriate because any change in guidelines in this area must be based on clinical evidence.


Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift | 2008

Using a laryngeal tube during cardiac arrest reduces "no flow time" in a manikin study: a comparison between laryngeal tube and endotracheal tube

C.H.R. Wiese; U. Bartels; A. Bergmann; Ingo Bergmann; J. Bahr; B.M. Graf

ZusammenfassungHINTERGRUND: Im Jahr 2005 veröffentlichte der European Resuscitation Council die neuen Richtlinien für Advanced Life Support. Eines der Ziele ist die Reduzierung der so genannten No-Flow-Zeit, definiert als die Zeit, in der während des Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstandes keine Herzdruckmassage stattfindet. Wir überprüften in einer Studie am Reanimationsphantom während eines simulierten Herz-Kreislaufstillstandes, ob der Gebrauch des Larynxtubus als supraglottische Sicherung des Atemweges im Vergleich zum Endotrachealtubus die No Flow Zeit in der ersten Phase der Reanimation verringern kann. METHODEN: In die prospektive Untersuchung wurden 50 Teilnehmer eines standardisierten eintägigen Reanimationskurses eingeschlossen. Die Teilnehmer haben alle die obligatorische notfallmedizinische Ausbildung, praktizieren allerdings die endotracheale Intubation nicht regelmäßig. Die Teilnehmer der Untersuchung galten entsprechend den aktuellen Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council als unerfahren in der endotrachealen Intubation zur Atemwegsicherung. Wir definierten zwei Untersuchungsgruppen (LT-Gruppe: Nutzung des Larynxtubus zur Sicherung der Atemwege während des Szenarios; ET-Gruppe: Nutzung des Endotrachealtubus und der Beutel-Masken-Ventilation zur Sicherung der Atemwege und zur Beatmung des Phantoms). Alle Teilnehmer wurden randomisiert zunächst einer der beiden Gruppen zugeordnet und absolvierten danach das jeweils andere Szenario. Studienendpunkte waren die gesamte No Flow Zeit sowie die Einhaltung der Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council aus dem Jahr 2005. ERGEBNISSE: Die Anwendung des Larynxtubus reduzierte, verglichen mit dem Endotrachealtubus, im dargestellten Szenario signifikant die No Flow Zeit (109,3 vs. 190,4 Sekunden; p < 0,01). Der Gebrauch des Larynxtubus führte signifikant schneller zu einer Sicherung der Atemwege als der Endotrachealtubus (13 s vs. 52 s; p < 0,01). Der Larynxtubus konnte von 98% der Teilnehmer im ersten Versuch erfolgreich platziert werden; bei Nutzung des Endotrachealtubus waren 72% im ersten Versuch erfolgreich. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG: In unserem Reanimationsszenario am Simulator konnte durch den Gebrauch des Larynxtubus die No Flow Zeit im Vergleich zum Endotrachealtubus in der ersten Phase der Reanimation signifikant verringert werden. Im Sinne der Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council sind wir überzeugt, dass Notfallmediziner, die in der Anwendung des Endotrachealtubus nicht sicher sind, in Reanimationssituationen primär supraglottische Hilfen zur Sicherung der Atemwege (in der vorliegenden Studie der Larynxtubus) verwenden sollten.SummaryIn 2005 the European Resuscitation Council published new guidelines for advanced life support. One of the issues was to reduce the no flow time, which is defined as the time without chest compression in the first period of cardiac arrest. In a manikin study, we evaluated whether using the laryngeal tube instead of endotracheal intubation for airway management during cardiac arrest could reduce the no flow time. METHODS: The study was prospective and included 50 volunteers who performed standardized management of simulated cardiac arrest in a manikin. All participants had completed an obligatory course in emergency medicine but had not been specifically trained in endotracheal intubation; they were therefore designated as unfamiliar in using the endotracheal tube to secure the airway, in accordance with the definition of the European Resuscitation Council. We defined two groups for the study: the LT group, who used the laryngeal tube to secure the airway; and the ET group, who used the endotracheal tube and bag-mask ventilation to ventilate the manikin. The participants were initially randomly assigned to one of the groups and thereafter completed the other scenario. Study endpoints were the total no flow time and adherence to guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council. RESULTS: Use of the laryngeal tube during cardiac arrest in the manikin significantly reduced the no flow time when compared with endotracheal intubation (109.3 s vs. 190.4 s; P < 0.01). The laryngeal tube was inserted significantly faster than the endotracheal tube (13 s vs. 52 s; P < 0.01) and was correctly positioned by 98% of the participants at the first attempt, compared with 72% using the endotracheal tube. CONCLUSION: With regard to the guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council, we are convinced that during cardiac arrest supraglottic airway devices should be used by emergency personnel unfamiliar with endotracheal intubation.


Anaesthesist | 2008

„No-flow-time“-Reduzierung durch Einsatz des Larynxtubus

C.H.R. Wiese; J. Bahr; A. Bergmann; Ingo Bergmann; U. Bartels; B.M. Graf

ZusammenfassungHintergrundIm November 2005 publizierte der European Resuscitation Council (ERC) die neuen Leitlinien zur erweiterten Reanimation. Eines der Ziele dieser Leitlinien ist die Reduzierung der „no flow time“ (NFT), also der summativen Zeit, während der bei einer Reanimation keine Thoraxkompressionen stattfinden. Weiterhin wird in den Leitlinien empfohlen, die endotracheale Intubation nur noch durch in dieser Maßnahme erfahrenes Personal durchführen zu lassen.MethodenAnhand einer Reanimationssimulation wurde untersucht, inwieweit die Anwendung des Larynxtubus mit gastraler Absaugmöglichkeit (LTS-D) im Verhältnis zur Beutel-Masken-Beatmung (BMV) die NFT verringern kann. Hierfür wurden 50xa0Notärzte, die im Sinne der Leitlinien des ERC als in der endotrachealen Intubation unerfahren galten, in die Untersuchung aufgenommen. Alle Teilnehmer wurden in beide Studiengruppen randomisiert (Gruppexa01: Platzierung des LTS-D und Ventilation während des Szenarios mithilfe des LTS-D; Gruppexa02: Ventilation während des Szenarios mithilfe der BMV). Außerdem wurde am Ende der beiden Szenarien die Einschätzung der Teilnehmer bezüglich des Umgangs mit den beiden Beatmungsmöglichkeiten durch einen Fragebogen erhoben.ErgebnisseDie Anwendung des LTS-D bewirkte bei einer Szenarienzeit von 430xa0s (LTS-D) bzw. 420xa0s (BMV) eine signifikante Senkung der NFT im Vergleich zur BMV (105,8xa0s, Minimum–Maximum: 94–124xa0s vs. 150,7xa0s, Minimum–Maximum: 124–179xa0s; p<0,01). Dieses entsprach während des gesamten Szenarios einem prozentualen Anteil von 24,6% (LTS-D) bzw. 35,9% (BMV). Die Platzierung des LTS-D am Phantom war unkompliziert möglich. Die Beatmung mit dem LTS-D war in allen Fällen effektiv (Tidalvolumen zwischen 500–600xa0ml). Über 90% der Teilnehmer empfanden die Sicherung der Atemwege mithilfe des LTS-D als einfach durchführbar und leicht erlernbar.SchlussfolgerungWährend eines simulierten Reanimationsszenarios reduziert die Anwendung des LTS-D, durchgeführt durch in der Intubation unerfahrene Notärzte, die NFT im Vergleich zur BMV signifikant. Der LTS-D erscheint während einer Reanimationssituation, zumindest in der Simulation, eine gute Alternative zur BMV darzustellen.AbstractObjectiveIn 2005 the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) published the new guidelines for Advanced Life Support (ALS). One of the aims was to reduce the no flow time (NFT), without chest compression in the first period of cardiac arrest. Furthermore the guidelines recommend that endotracheal intubation should only be carried out by personnel experienced in this procedure.MethodsAn attempt was made to evaluate whether the use of the laryngeal tube suction (LTS-D) for emergency airway management could contribute to reduce NFT compared to bag-mask ventilation (BMV). In a randomised prospective study 50 participants were asked to perform standardised simulated cardiac arrest management on a full-scale simulator following a one-day cardiac arrest training. Each participant was randomised into the LTS-D and the BMV group for airway management. At the end of each scenario an evaluation of the use of each ventilation procedure by the participants was made by means of a questionnaire.ResultsDuring the manikin scenario (430xa0s for LTS-D and 420xa0s for BMV) there was a significant difference in the overall NFT comparing the use of the LTS-D vs. BMV (105.8xa0s, range 94–124xa0s vs. 150.7xa0s, range 124–179xa0s; p<0.01). This corresponded during the whole scenario to a proportion of 24.6% (LTS-D) or 35.9% (BMV). Using the LTS-D all participants were able to ventilate the manikin successfully (tidal volume 500–600xa0ml). In a subjective evaluation of the different airway management procedures by the participants more than 90% expressed a positive opinion about the LTS-D with respect to ease of insertion and safety of ventilation.ConclusionThe use of the LTS-D on a manikin by emergency physicians after standardised cardiac arrest training significantly reduces the NFT in comparison to BMV. Therefore the LTS-D seems to be a good alternative to BMV during a simulated cardiac arrest scenario.OBJECTIVEnIn 2005 the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) published the new guidelines for Advanced Life Support (ALS). One of the aims was to reduce the no flow time (NFT), without chest compression in the first period of cardiac arrest. Furthermore the guidelines recommend that endotracheal intubation should only be carried out by personnel experienced in this procedure.nnnMETHODSnAn attempt was made to evaluate whether the use of the laryngeal tube suction (LTS-D) for emergency airway management could contribute to reduce NFT compared to bag-mask ventilation (BMV). In a randomised prospective study 50 participants were asked to perform standardised simulated cardiac arrest management on a full-scale simulator following a one-day cardiac arrest training. Each participant was randomised into the LTS-D and the BMV group for airway management. At the end of each scenario an evaluation of the use of each ventilation procedure by the participants was made by means of a questionnaire.nnnRESULTSnDuring the manikin scenario (430 s for LTS-D and 420 s for BMV) there was a significant difference in the overall NFT comparing the use of the LTS-D vs. BMV (105.8 s, range 94-124 s vs. 150.7 s, range 124-179 s; p<0.01). This corresponded during the whole scenario to a proportion of 24.6% (LTS-D) or 35.9% (BMV). Using the LTS-D all participants were able to ventilate the manikin successfully (tidal volume 500-600 ml). In a subjective evaluation of the different airway management procedures by the participants more than 90% expressed a positive opinion about the LTS-D with respect to ease of insertion and safety of ventilation.nnnCONCLUSIONnThe use of the LTS-D on a manikin by emergency physicians after standardised cardiac arrest training significantly reduces the NFT in comparison to BMV. Therefore the LTS-D seems to be a good alternative to BMV during a simulated cardiac arrest scenario.


Anaesthesist | 2008

Larynxmaske LMA Supreme

Arnd Timmermann; S. Cremer; Jan Florian Heuer; U. Braun; B.M. Graf; Sebastian G. Russo

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDie Larynxmaske LMA Supreme™ (LMA-S) ist eine neue Einweglarynxmaske, die die Funktionen der LMA Proseal™ (PLMA, Magendrainage) mit der LMA Fastrach™ (erleichterte Einführung durch einen gebogenen Schaft) verbindet und seit April 2007 in Handel ist.Material und MethodenIn einer prospektiven Studie wurde die Anwendung der LMA-S der Größexa04 bei weiblichen Patienten ohne Hinweise auf eine schwierige Atemwegssicherung mit Studierenden im praktischen Jahr und Assistenzärzten im ersten Ausbildungsjahr, die nur über wenig Erfahrung mit der LMA-Anästhesie verfügten, untersucht. Erfolgsraten und Dauer der Einführung, oropharyngealer Leckagedruck (OLP), fiberoptische Position und Atemwegsmorbidität wurden dokumentiert.ErgebnisseDreißig Patientinnen wurden in die Studie aufgenommen. Die Einlage war bei 27xa0Patientinnen (90%) im ersten und bei 3xa0Patientinnen (10%) im zweiten Versuch möglich. Eine ausreichende Ventilation konnte innerhalb von 18,3xa0s (Variationsbreite 10–30xa0s, Standardabweichung ±4,2xa0s) hergestellt werden. Die Magensonde war immer im ersten Versuch platzierbar. Der mittlere OLP betrug 29,1xa0cmH2O (Variationsbreite 21–35xa0cmH2O, Standardabweichung ±4,8xa0cmH2O) bei einem Cuffdruck von 60xa0cmH2O. Die fiberoptische Kontrolle ergab eine optimale Position, sowohl direkt nach Einlage als auch am Ende des operativen Eingriffs. Drei Patientinnen (10%) klagten über leichte Halsschmerzen. Schluckstörungen oder Heiserkeit wurden nicht angegeben.SchlussfolgerungDie Einlage der LMA-S war bei allen Patientinnen innerhalb von 30xa0s bei einer optimalen Lage, einem hohen OLP und geringer Atemwegsmorbidität möglich. Die LMA-S scheint ein Atemwegsinstrument für die anästhesiologische Routineanwendung zu sein, das auch von medizinischem Personal mit geringer klinischer Erfahrung sicher angewendet werden kann.AbstractBackgroundThe Laryngeal Mask Airway Supreme (LMA-S) is a new disposable airway device that combines features of the LMA ProSeal™ (PLMA, gastric access) and LMA Fastrach™ (curved shaft to ease insertion) and has been available since April 2007.MethodsIn a prospective study, 10 final year medical students or first year anesthesia residents, all with limited experience in LMA anesthesia, were requested to manage the airway of anesthetized female patients with the LMA-S size 4, who seemed normal on routine airway examination. Data collection included the success rates and duration for insertion, oropharyngeal leak pressures (OLP), fiber optic position and airway morbidity.ResultsA total of 30 patients were enrolled in the study. Insertion of the LMA-S was possible in 27 (90%) patients at the first attempt and in 3 (10%) at the second attempt. Ventilation was established in 18.3xa0s (range 10–30xa0s, standard deviation ±4.2xa0s). Insertion of a gastric tube was possible in all patients at the first attempt. Mean OLP at the level of 60xa0cmH2O cuff pressure was 29.1xa0cmH2O (range 21–35xa0cmH2O, standard deviation ±4.8xa0cmH2O). Laryngeal fit evaluated by fiber optic control was rated as optimal in all patients both immediately after insertion of the LMA-S and after end of surgery. Three patients (10%) complained of mild sore throat. No patient reported dysphagia or dysphonia.ConclusionInsertion of the LMA-S was successful and possible in all patients in ≤xa030xa0s with an optimal laryngeal fit, high OLPs and low airway morbidity. The LMA-S seems to be a device suitable for use in routine anesthesia and which can be safely used by medical personnel with limited clinical experience.BACKGROUNDnThe Laryngeal Mask Airway Supreme (LMA-S) is a new disposable airway device that combines features of the LMA ProSeal (PLMA, gastric access) and LMA Fastrach (curved shaft to ease insertion) and has been available since April 2007.nnnMETHODSnIn a prospective study, 10 final year medical students or first year anesthesia residents, all with limited experience in LMA anesthesia, were requested to manage the airway of anesthetized female patients with the LMA-S size 4, who seemed normal on routine airway examination. Data collection included the success rates and duration for insertion, oropharyngeal leak pressures (OLP), fiber optic position and airway morbidity.nnnRESULTSnA total of 30 patients were enrolled in the study. Insertion of the LMA-S was possible in 27 (90%) patients at the first attempt and in 3 (10%) at the second attempt. Ventilation was established in 18.3 s (range 10-30 s, standard deviation +/-4.2 s). Insertion of a gastric tube was possible in all patients at the first attempt. Mean OLP at the level of 60 cmH2O cuff pressure was 29.1 cmH2O (range 21-35 cmH2O, standard deviation +/-4.8 cmH2O). Laryngeal fit evaluated by fiber optic control was rated as optimal in all patients both immediately after insertion of the LMA-S and after end of surgery. Three patients (10%) complained of mild sore throat. No patient reported dysphagia or dysphonia.nnnCONCLUSIONnInsertion of the LMA-S was successful and possible in all patients in < or = 30 s with an optimal laryngeal fit, high OLPs and low airway morbidity. The LMA-S seems to be a device suitable for use in routine anesthesia and which can be safely used by medical personnel with limited clinical experience.

Collaboration


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C.H.R. Wiese

University of Göttingen

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U. Bartels

University of Göttingen

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J. Bahr

University of Göttingen

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Christoph Eich

Boston Children's Hospital

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D. Ruppert

University of Göttingen

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