B. V. Murlimanju

Accessory neurovascular foramina on the lingual surface of mandible: Incidence, topography, and clinical implications

CONTEXTnIt was suggested that the accessory neurovascular foramina of the mandible might be of significance in relation to the effectiveness of local anesthesia following the routine inferior alveolar nerve block.nnnAIMSnTo investigate the incidence of neurovascular foramina over the lingual surface of the mandible in South Indian population.nnnSETTINGS AND DESIGNnThe study was conducted at the department of anatomy.nnnMATERIALS AND METHODSnThe study included 67 human adult dry mandibles, the exact ages and sexes of which were not known. The location and number of neurovascular foramina were topographically analyzed.nnnSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS USEDnDescriptive statistics.nnnRESULTSnThe foramina were observed in 64 mandibles (95.5%) and were often multiple in most of the cases. They were located between the two medial incisors in 8 mandibles (1.9%), between the medial and lateral incisor in 34 mandibles (50.7%; 25-bilateral; 7-right; 2-left), between the lateral incisor and canine in 7 mandibles (10.4%; 2-bilateral; 3-right; 2-left), between the canine and first premolar in 6 cases (8.9%; 3 on each side). Foramina were also present around the genial tubercle in 56 mandibles (83.6%). Among them, 52 mandibles showed a single foramen just above the genial tubercle, 34 mandibles had foramina below the tubercles, 13 mandibles had foramina on the right side of genial tubercle and 17 were having on the left side.nnnCONCLUSIONnSince the anatomical details of these foramina are important to various fields of dentistry and oncology, the present investigation was undertaken. The clinical significance and implications are emphasized.

Morphological study of styloid process of the temporal bone and its clinical implications

The objective of this study was to study the morphometry of the styloid process of temporal bone and prevalence of elongated styloid process. The morphology of elongated styloid process along with its embryological and clinical importance are discussed. The present study included 110 human dry skulls which were procured from the bone collections of the department of anatomy. The styloid process was observed macroscopically on both sides of all the skulls, the elongations if any were noted. All the styloids were measured for their length, thickness at different levels and interstyloid distance at various levels. Out of 110 specimens, only 5 skulls (4.5%) exhibited the elongated styloid process. Among them, 3 skulls (2.7%) had unilateral elongation and 2 skulls (1.8%) had bilateral elongation of the styloid process. The mean length of the styloid process was 17.8±9.3 mm and 18.2±5.6 mm for the right and left sides, respectively. The prevalence of elongated styloid process in the present study was 4.5%. The clinical anatomy of this congenital variant is important to the neurosurgeon and radiologist, while interpreting the computed tomogram and magnetic resonance image scans. The morphological knowledge of elongated styloid process is clinically important since the course of the vertebral artery may be distorted in such situations.

Mastoid emissary foramina: an anatomical morphological study with discussion on their evolutionary and clinical implications

The identification of mastoidal emissary veins is of importance in the neurosurgical practice to diagnose abnormal and normal structures. In the present study, the objectives were to estimate the prevalence rate of mastoidal emissary foramina in the temporal bones of the adult skull and to study their number and morphology. The present study included 48 adult human skulls which were obtained from the gross anatomy laboratory of our institution. The mastoid parts of 96 temporal bones were macroscopically observed for the prevalence, number and morphology of the emissary foramina. It is observed that, the mastoidal emissary foramen was present in 88 temporal bones (91.7%) of our specimens. The foramen was observed single in 60 temporal bones (62.5%), double in 22 bones (22.9%), and triple in 6 temporal bones (6.2%). The mastoidal emissary foramen was absent in 8 (8.3%) temporal bones. The foramen was bilaterally absent in 3 (3.1%) skulls. It was unilaterally absent in 2 (2.1%) skulls and both were on the left side. The mastoidal emissary vein is prevalent in a large number (91.7%) of cases. It was observed that the accessory mastoidal emissary foramina were present in 29.1% of cases. Recognition of the mastoid emissary veins and accessory mastoid emissary veins during the otologic surgery is critical to avoid the significant bleeding. In the neurosurgical practice, the knowledge is important due to variability in the number of mastoidal emissary veins and their connection to the venous sinuses.

Morphological study of lingula of the mandibles in South Indian population

PURPOSE OF THE STUDYnThe objectives were to study the morphology of the lingulae in adult human dried mandibles of South Indian population.nnnMATERIALS AND METHODSnThe study was carried out on 67 (37 males and 30 females) dry mandibles and the morphological variants of the shapes of the lingulae were macroscopically noted and classified. Totally, 134 lingula were studied from both sides of mandibles.nnnRESULTSnFrom our observations, 29.9% (40) of the lingula had triangular shape, 27.6% (37) were truncated, 29.9% (40) were found nodular and 12.6% (17) were assimilated. In 61.2% (41) of the mandibles, the shape of the lingula was symmetrical on both the sides. The triangular lingulae were found bilaterally in 14, truncated in 11, nodular in 10 and assimilated in six mandibles.nnnCONCLUSIONnIn our specimens, the majority of the mandibles were having triangular shaped lingula and the shape of the lingula was symmetrical on both sides. There was sexual dimorphism observed, as in males the triangular shape was more common and in females it was nodular. The incidence of different forms of lingulæ can be used as an anthropological marker to assess the different group of population and races, with other non-metric variants of the skull. The morphology of this subject is important to the maxillofacial and orodental surgeons as the inferior alveolar nerve is close to the lingula and may assist in the inferior alveolar block.

Osteometric study of the upper end of femur and its clinical applications

ObjectiveThe objective was to determine the morphometric parameters of the head and neck of femur in Indians and to discuss its clinical application.Materials and methodsThe study comprised 50 dry femora which were obtained from the osteology section of the anatomy laboratory. The femoral head diameter, superior and inferior head lengths, anteroposterior and superoinferior diameters of the neck, superior and inferior neck lengths were measured with the digital vernier caliper. The data were morphometrically analyzed and sidewise comparison was done.ResultsThe mean femoral head diameter was 41.5xa0±xa02.8xa0mm, superior and inferior head lengths were 30.8xa0±xa03.6 and 21.2xa0±xa03xa0mm, respectively. The mean superior length, inferior length, anteroposterior diameter and superoinferior diameter of the femoral neck were 22.5xa0±xa03.1, 31.2xa0±xa04.1, 23.9xa0±xa02.9, and 30.2xa0±xa02.5xa0mm, respectively. The statistically significant difference was not observed between the right and left sides comparison (Pxa0>xa00.05).ConclusionsThe study has determined the morphometry of the head and neck of femur from Indian population. Since the implantation surgery relies on anatomical measurements, the present study was undertaken with reference to clinical application. We believe that the data obtained are enlightening not only for the orthopedicians, also important to the anthropologists.

Anthropometric study of the bicipital groove in Indians and its clinical implications

BACKGROUNDnSince morphometric data on the upper end of the humerus from Indian anatomical samples are scarce, this study was undertaken with reference to orthopedic surgery. The aim was to determine the length, width and depth of the bicipital groove and to find the incidence of a supratubercular ridge of Meyer in an Indian population.nnnMETHODSnThe study included 104 unpaired dry humeri (48 right side and 56 left) which belonged to the anatomy laboratory of our institution. The length, width and depth of the bicipital groove were measured with a digital vernier caliper. The data were tabulated as mean ± SD and statistically compared between the right and left sides.nnnRESULTSnThe mean length, width and depth of the bicipital groove were 84.6 ± 10.9 mm, 8.5 ± 2.3 mm and 4.4 ± 1.8 mm, respectively, which corresponded to 27.8% of the total length, 32.2% of the transverse width and 17% of the anteroposterior widh of the humerus, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in these parameters between the left and right sides (p > 0.05). A supratubercular ridge of Meyer was seen in 24 (23.1%) of the humeri.nnnCONCLUSIONnThe study determined the morphometric parameters of the bicipital groove in an Indian population. We believe that this study will be an important reference for scientific research, and the details are also important for anthropologists and clinical anatomists.

Variant Origins of Arteries in the Carotid Triangle -A Case Report

The left superior laryngeal artery was observed arising from the external carotid artery instead of the superior thyroid artery in the cadaver of an approximately 70 year-old Asian man. In addition, on the same side, the superior thyroid artery arose from the common carotid artery 2 cm before the bifurcation instead of its usual origin from the external carotid artery. From the external carotid artery, the lingual and facial arteries arose from the common linguofacial trunk. The nerves in the carotid triangle were normal in course. No variations were observed on the right side carotid system. The multiple variations in this case have not been previously described. The embryogenesis of this combination of variations is not clear, but the anatomic consequences may have important clinical implications. As angiography has gained popularity in diagnostic approaches in recent years, it is essential to be aware of these variations so that they are not overlooked in differential diagnoses.

The dimensions of the corpus callosum of the cerebrum-an anatomical study

Aims nTo determine the dimensions of the human corpus callosum and its parts. The objective was also to know its location in the cerebral hemisphere of South Indians. nMethods nTwenty mid-sagittal sections from formalin fixed human cadaveric brain specimens were used for this study and the parameters recorded were: distances from frontal pole to occipital pole (AB), inferior surface to the superior surface of the brain (CD), frontal pole of brain to genu (AG), occipital pole of cerebrum to corpus callosum splenium (BS), from splenium of corpus callosum to superior colliculus (Ls-SC) and inferior colliculus (Ls-IC), genu to fornix (GF), outer curvature O (G-S) and inner curvature I (G-S) from genu to splenium, the entire outer curvature (OUTCR) and inner curvature (INCUR) from beginning of corpus callosum rostrum to the splenium end. We did also measure the thicknesses of its splenium (S), isthmus (I), body (T), genu (G) and rostrum (R). nResults nStatistical analysis using correlation study showed significance between A-B and B-S, O (G-S) and INCUR, O (G-S) and OUTCR, A-G and R, T and I. Highly significant correlations were found between C-D and Ls-IC, O (G-S) and I (G-S), I (G-S) and G-F, G-F, and G. Very highly significant correlations were seen between I (G-S) and INCUR, Ls-SC, and Ls-IC, T and S. nConclusion This morphometric study on the corpus callosum provides data that could be valuable in the diagnosis of lesions of the corpus callosum. The data are of particular relevance to neurologists and radiologists.

What is indexing

And how this book will influence you to do better future? It will relate to how the readers will get the lessons that are coming. As known, commonly many people will believe that reading can be an entrance to enter the new perception. The perception will influence how you step you life. Even that is difficult enough; people with high sprit may not feel bored or give up realizing that concept. Its what what is indexing will give the thoughts for you.

In vivo Morphometry of Menisci of the Knee in South Indians:A Preliminary Study

Background: Since the in vivo morphometric data on the menisci of the knee joint of Indian subjects are scarce, we hereby studied the width and thickness of the menisci using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to establish standard dimensions of the normal medial and lateral meniscus as an aid to orthopaedic surgery. Methods: Eighty menisci from 40 knee joints were analysed in each of three regions, the anterior horn, the mid body and the posterior horn. The thickness and width of the menisci were measured in sagittal and coronal T1-weighted and T2-weighted MRI images and analysed statistically. Results: The mean thickness of medial meniscus at the anterior horn, mid body, and posterior horn were 6.3 ± 1.1 mm, 5.2 ± 1.3 mm, and 6.9 ± 1.1 mm, respectively. The respective values for the lateral meniscus were 4.8 ± 0.7 mm, 6.4 ± 1.1 mm, and 7.0 ± 0.9 mm. The mean width of medial meniscus at the anterior horn, mid body, and posterior horn were 10.5 ± 1.2 mm, 7.8 ± 1 mm and 13.9 ± 0.9 mm, respectively. The widths of lateral meniscus at the same regions were 11.8 ± 1.4 mm, 8.6 ± 1.2 mm, and 12.0 ± 0.9 mm, respectively. The lateral meniscus was significantly wider than medial at the anterior horn and mid body (p = 0.00). In contrast, the posterior horn of medial meniscus was significantly wider than lateral meniscus. Both menisci were significantly wider at their posterior horn, followed by the anterior horn and were significantly narrower at their mid body. Conclusion: The present study provides new information on the meniscal thickness and width in South Indians that can be used in planning of orthopaedic and arthroscopic surgeries of the knee joint. However, the study needs to be analyzed with a large sample size for the better interpretation.