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Featured researches published by Bart Makaske.


Earth-Science Reviews | 2001

Anastomosing rivers: a review of their classification, origin and sedimentary products

Bart Makaske

Abstract Anastomosing rivers constitute an important category of multi-channel rivers on alluvial plains. Most often they seem to form under relatively low-energetic conditions near a (local) base level. It appears to be impossible to define anastomosing rivers unambiguously on the basis of channel planform only. Therefore, the following definition, which couples floodplain geomorphology and channel pattern, is proposed in this paper: an anastomosing river is composed of two or more interconnected channels that enclose floodbasins. This definition explicitly excludes the phenomenon of channel splitting by convex-up bar-like forms that characterize braided channels. In present definitions of anastomosing rivers, lateral stability of channels is commonly coupled with their multi-channel character. Here, it is suggested that these two properties be uncoupled. At the scale of channel belts, the terms ‘straight’, ‘meandering’ and ‘braided’ apply, whereas at a larger scale, a river can be called anastomosing if it meets the definition given above. This means that, straight, meandering and braided channels may all be part of an anastomosing river system. Straight channels are defined by a sinuosity index; i.e., the ratio of the distance along the channel and the distance along the channel-belt axis is less than 1.3. They are the type of channel that most commonly occurs in combination with anastomosis. The occurrence of straight channels is favoured by low stream power, basically a product of discharge and gradient, and erosion-resistant banks. Anastomosing rivers are usually formed by avulsions, i.e., flow diversions that cause the formation of new channels on the floodplain. As a product of avulsion, anastomosing rivers essentially form in two ways: (1) by formation of bypasses, while bypassed older channel-belt segments remain active for some period; and (2) by splitting of the diverted avulsive flow, leading to contemporaneous scour of multiple channels on the floodplain. Both genetic types of anastomosis may coexist in one river system, but whereas the first may be a long-lived floodplain-wide phenomenon, the latter only represents a stage in the avulsion process on a restricted part of the floodplain. Long-lived anastomosis is caused by frequent avulsions and/or slow abandonment of old channels. Avulsions are primarily driven by aggradation of the channel belt and/or loss of channel capacity by in-channel deposition. Both processes are favoured by a low floodplain gradient. Also of influence are a number of avulsion triggers such as extreme floods, log and ice jams, and in-channel aeolian dunes. Although some of these triggers are associated with a specific climate, the occurrence of anastomosis is not. A rapid rise of base level is conductive to anastomosis, but is not a necessary condition. Anastomosing rivers can be considered an example of equifinality, since anastomosis may result from different combinations of processes or causes. Anastomosing river deposits have an alluvial architecture characterized by a large proportion of overbank deposits, which encase laterally connected channel sand bodies. Laterally extensive, thick lenses of lithologically heterogeneous, fine-grained avulsion deposits can be an important element of the overbank deposits of anastomosing rivers. These deposits may also fully surround anastomosing channel sandstones. Anastomosing channel sand bodies frequently have ribbon-like geometries and may possess poorly developed upward-fining trends, as well as abrupt flat tops. The overbank deposits commonly comprise abundant crevasse splay deposits and thick natural levee deposits. Lacustrine deposits and coal are common in association with anastomosing river deposits. None of these characteristics is unique to anastomosing river deposits, and in most cases, anastomosis (coexistence of channels) cannot be demonstrated in the stratigraphic record.


Geologie En Mijnbouw | 2007

New groundwater-level rise data from the Rhine-Meuse delta – implications for the reconstruction of Holocene relative mean sea-level rise and differential land-level movements

Henk J.A. Berendsen; Bart Makaske; O. van de Plassche; M.H.M van Ree; S. Das; M. van Dongen; S. Ploumen; W. Schoenmakers

We present new local groundwater-level rise data from two Late Glacial aeolian dunes, located near Barendrecht and Oud-Alblas in the western Rhine-Meuse delta. These data are based on AMS radiocarbon dating of terrestrial macrofossils, collected from the base of peat formed on the slopes of these dunes. This method avoids contamination of bulk peat samples by old soil carbon or younger rootlets and rhizomes, as well as the hardwater effect. The new data are used to assess the reliability of previously published groundwater-level index data based on conventional radiocarbon dating of bulk basal peat samples from the slopes of the Late Glacial aeolian dunes at Barendrecht, Hillegersberg, Bolnes and Wijngaarden, all located in the western Rhine-Meuse delta. Comparison of the new and published groundwater-level data shows no significant systematic difference between conventionally dated bulk peat samples and AMS-dated samples of terrestrial macrofossils. The new data from the dune at Barendrecht confirm the reliability of the younger than 6600 cal yr BP age-depth data from the dunes at Hillegersberg and near Bolnes. This result supports the validity of this part of the mean sea-level (MSL) curve for the western Netherlands. Consequently, the position of the groundwater-level curve for Flevoland (central Netherlands) below this MSL curve can most likely be attributed to differential land-level movement. The available data show that the groundwater-gradient effect in the western Rhine-Meuse delta became less than 5 cm/km after 6600 calyr BP. Finally, temporal correlation between temporary increases in local groundwater-level rise with known shifts of river courses in the delta plain suggests, that avulsions can explain sudden local deviations from the trend in groundwater-level rise. A general conclusion of this study is that a complex relationship exists between sea level and local delta-plain water levels.


Sedimentology | 2002

Avulsions, channel evolution and floodplain sedimentation rates of the anastomosing upper Columbia River, British Columbia, Canada

Bart Makaske; Derald G. Smith; Henk J.A. Berendsen


Geomorphology | 2009

Hydraulic and sedimentary processes causing anastomosing morphology of the upper Columbia River, British Columbia, Canada

Bart Makaske; Derald G. Smith; Henk J.A. Berendsen; Arjan G. de Boer; Marinka F. van Nielen-Kiezebrink; Tracey Locking


Journal of Sedimentary Research | 2007

Middle Holocene avulsion-belt deposits in the central Rhine-Meuse delta, the Netherlands

Bart Makaske; Henk J.A. Berendsen; Mark H.M. van Ree


Earth Surface Processes and Landforms | 2012

Evaluating competing hypotheses for the origin and dynamics of river anastomosis

Maarten G. Kleinhans; T. de Haas; E. Lavooi; Bart Makaske


Earth Surface Processes and Landforms | 2012

Upstream and downstream controls of recent avulsions on the Taquari megafan, Pantanal, south-western Brazil

Bart Makaske; B.H.P. Maathuis; Carlos R. Padovani; Chris Stolker; Erik Mosselman; R.H.G. Jongman


Sedimentology | 2005

Muddy lateral accretion and low stream power in a sub‐recent confined channel belt, Rhine‐Meuse delta, central Netherlands

Bart Makaske; Henk J. T. Weerts


Quaternary Geochronology | 2010

Sedimentation rates on embanked floodplains determined through quartz optical dating

J. Wallinga; N. Hobo; Alastair C. Cunningham; Alice J. Versendaal; Bart Makaske; H. Middelkoop


Earth Surface Processes and Landforms | 2010

Reconstruction of floodplain sedimentation rates: a combination of methods to optimize estimates

N. Hobo; Bart Makaske; H. Middelkoop; J. Wallinga

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J. Wallinga

Wageningen University and Research Centre

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N. Hobo

Wageningen University and Research Centre

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G.J. Maas

Wageningen University and Research Centre

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Alastair C. Cunningham

Delft University of Technology

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Alice J. Versendaal

Wageningen University and Research Centre

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Jasper H. J. Candel

Wageningen University and Research Centre

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