Bashar Mudhaffar Abdullah

Synthesis and Physical Properties of Estolide Ester Using Saturated Fatty Acid and Ricinoleic Acid

A study was conveyed to produce estolide ester using ricinoleic acid as the backbone. The ricinoleic acid reacted with saturated fatty acid from C8–C18. These reactions were conducted under vacuum at 60°C for 24 h without solvent. The reaction used acid catalyst, sulphuric acid. The new saturate ricinoleic estolide esters show superior low-temperature properties (−52 ± 0.08°C) and high flash point (>300°C). The yield of the neat estolide esters ranged from 52% to 96%. The viscosity range was 51 ± 0.08 to 86 ± 0.01 cp. These new saturated estolide esters were also compared with saturated branched estolide esters.

Genetic polymorphisms associated with overweight and obesity in uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Generally, obese and overweight individuals display higher free fatty acid levels, which stimulate insulin resistance. The combination of overweight or obesity with insulin resistance can trigger Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and are primary contributing factors to the development of uncontrolled T2DM. Genetic polymorphisms also play an important role as they can impact a populations susceptibility to becoming overweight or obese and developing related chronic complications, such as uncontrolled T2DM. This review specifically examines the genetic polymorphisms associated with overweight and obesity in patients with uncontrolled T2DM. Particularly, gene polymorphisms in ADIPOQ (rs1501299 and rs17300539), LepR (rs1137101 and rs1045895), IRS2 (rs1805092), GRB14 (rs10195252 and rs3923113) and PPARG (rs1801282) have been associated with overweight and obesity in uncontrolled T2DM.

Laser Induced Modification of the Optical Properties of Nano-ZnO Doped PVC Films

The effect of continuous CO2 laser radiation on the optical properties of pure polyvinyl chloride and doped of ZnO nanoparticles with two different concentrations (10, 15%) has been investigated. All samples were prepared using casting method at room temperature. Optical properties (absorption, transmission, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and optical conductivity) of all films after CO2 laser irradiated have been studied as a function of the wavelength in the range (200–800) nm for three energies (300, 400 and 500 mJ). It has been found that the transmission, energy gap, and refractive index increase with increasing laser energy. The values of absorption, Urbach energy, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, and optical conductivity were decreased.

Rubber Seed Oil Properties, Authentication and Quality Assessment Using (Chloroform: Methanol) as Solvent

Physicochemical and instrumental characterization of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (kunth. Muell.)) seed oil (RSO) were carried out for the purpose of quality assessment, identification, and authentication. Properties such as free fatty acid (FFA %), acid value, color, saponification value, iodine value, and unsaponifiable matter were determined. Fatty acid (FA) composition and TAG profiles were determined using gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Structural features of RSO were also determined using FTIR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The natural form of RSO is highly acidic (acid value=17.43±0.06 mg KOH/g). The saturated FAs are palmitic (9.10±0.06) and stearic (12.63±0.01), and the main unsaturated FAs are oleic (25.31±0.13), linoleic (36.31±0.09), and linolenic (15.78±0.18). The oil can be classified as semidrying. Polyunsaturated TAGs of LnLnL and LnOO were the major TAGs found in RSO. FTIR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR analysis confirmed

Polyesters Based on Linoleic Acid for Biolubricant Basestocks: Low-Temperature, Tribological and Rheological Properties.

Presently, plant oils which contain high percentage of linoleic acid 1 are perceived to be a viable alternative to mineral oil for biolubricant applications due to their biodegradability and technical properties. In order to get biodegradable lubricant, triester derivatives compounds (1–5) were synthesized and characterized. The processes involved were monoepoxidation of linoleic acid 2, oxirane ring opening 3, esterification 4 and acylation 5. The structures of the products were confirmed by FTIR, 1H and 13C-NMR and LC-MS. The results that showed lowest temperature properties were obtained for triester 5, with a pour point value (PP) of -73°C, highest onset temperature (260°C) and lowest volatility at 0.30%. Viscosity index (VI) increased for the ester’s synthetic compounds (2, 3, 4, 5), while the PP decreased. This behavior is the result of the increase of the chain length of the branching agents. Triester based linoleic acid has improved properties such as low-temperature and tribological properties. These results will make it feasible for plant oil to be used for biolubricants, fuels in chain saws, transmission oil and brake fluid.

Palm Olein as Renewable Raw Materials for Industrial and Pharmaceutical Products Applications: Chemical Characterization and Physicochemical Properties Studies

Palm olein (P) is widely produced as edible oil in tropical countries. P is considered as renewable raw material for the new industrial and pharmaceutical products synthesis based on its characterization. Palm olein was good on its viscosity index, oxidative stability, and flash and fire point. P contained unsaturated triacylglycerols (TAGs): POO (33.3%); POP (29.6%) which plays an important role in chemical modification process to produce new industrial products. The double bond was detected on 1H-NMR (5.3 ppm) and 13C-NMR (130 ppm) spectra. The chemical compositions of P were tested by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) techniques. This unsaturated oil is potentially to be used as renewable raw materials in chemical modification process to synthesise polyols, polyurethane, and biolubricant for industrial and pharmaceutical products application.