Beatrice W. Muriithi

The role of gender on malaria preventive behaviour among rural households in Kenya.

BackgroundMalaria remains a major health and development challenge in the sub-Saharan African economies including Kenya, yet it can be prevented. Technologies to prevent malaria are available but are not universally adopted by male- and female-headed households. The study thus, examined the role of gender in malaria prevention, examining adoption behaviour between male- and female-headed households in Kenya.MethodsThe study uses a recent baseline cross-section survey data collected from 2718 households in parts of western and eastern Kenya. Two separate models were estimated for male- and female-headed households to determine if the drivers of adoption differ between the two categories of households.ResultsThe findings from the study show that: access to public health information, residing in villages with higher experience in malaria prevention, knowledge on the cause and transmission of malaria significantly increase the number of practices adopted in both male- and female-headed households. On the other hand, formal education of the household head and livestock units owned exhibited a positive and significant effect on adoption among male-headed households, but no effect among female-headed households.ConclusionsThe findings from thus study suggest that universal policy tools can be used to promote uptake of integrated malaria prevention practices, for female- and male-headed households.

Adoption of modern beekeeping and its impact on honey production in the former Mwingi District of Kenya: assessment using theory-based impact evaluation approach

This study used the theory-based impact evaluation approach to understand as to how promotion of beekeeping by the Commercial Insects Programme (CIP) of the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) has had an impact on honey production in the former Mwingi District of Kenya (now merged into Kitui County). We examined the adoption of modern hives promoted by icipe and applied data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess the technical efficiency (TE) of participants in CIP. CIP participants had an average TE of 0.56, which was significantly higher than that of non-participants in the former Kitui District (average TE of 0.26). Those who adopted modern hives achieved the highest average levels of TE (0.59). The study fits a Probit model to identify the drivers of adoption and a Tobit model to assess the intensity of adoption of modern hives. The propensity score matching approach was used to evaluate the impact of modern hives on honey production. Results indicate that perceptions about the yield and quality of honey obtained from modern hives significantly increased beekeepers’ adoption decisions. The intensity of adoption expressed as the proportion of modern hives owned by beekeepers was significantly high among farmers who participated in CIP. A positive and significant relationship was observed between the adoption of modern hives and the quantity of honey produced. The present study indicates, through the average TE, that considerable room still exists for the improvement of beekeeping and provides strong evidence for scaling up the dissemination of modern hives in areas of Kenya with high potential.

Economic Impact of Integrated Pest Management Strategies for the Suppression of Mango-Infesting Fruit Fly Species in Africa

Mango growers in Africa are faced with the severe challenge of controlling pests, with the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis being the most destructive. Conventional fruit fly control in this region mainly involves the use of synthetic pesticides. Pesticides are expensive and have undesirable effects on human health, biodiversity and the environment. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) methods have been developed as a more effective and affordable strategy to control fruit flies. The technology has been developed by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) and its partners, and disseminated to farmers through various technology uptake pathways across Africa. Understanding the adoption behavior of farmers with regard to IPM and the economic impacts of IPM on the livelihood of mango farmer and their households can help to design policies aimed at increasing the development and uptake of such strategies in Africa. This paper is a synthesis of findings on adoption and the economic benefits derived from IPM approaches targeted at mango-infesting fruit flies; it is based on recent studies conducted by icipe at various project action sites in Kenya. The studies provide empirical data on the adoption and impact of IPM strategies and focus on the magnitude of direct gains for mango producers. The findings provide clear evidence that farmers do not adopt the technology as a package but rather selected components of the IPM package that are affordable and easy to apply and maintain. With regard to economic benefits, the studies show that IPM reduces mango losses caused by fruit flies and the costs associated with pesticide use. There are also income gains from adopting IPM amongst mango growers. The results of these studies demonstrate that investment in IPM is viable, and therefore justifies support for upscaling of IPM programmes.

Women’s empowerment in agriculture and agricultural productivity: Evidence from rural maize farmer households in western Kenya

This paper documents a positive relationship between maize productivity in western Kenya and women’s empowerment in agriculture, measured using indicators derived from the abbreviated version of the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index. Applying a cross-sectional instrumental-variable regression method to a data set of 707 maize farm households from western Kenya, we find that women’s empowerment in agriculture significantly increases maize productivity. Although all indicators of women’s empowerment significantly increase productivity, there is no significant association between the women’s workload (amount of time spent working) and maize productivity. Furthermore, the results show heterogenous effects with respect to women’s empowerment on maize productivity for farm plots managed jointly by a male and female and plots managed individually by only a male or female. More specifically, the results suggest that female- and male-managed plots experience significant improvements in productivity when the women who tend them are empowered. These findings provide evidence that women’s empowerment contributes not only to reducing the gender gap in agricultural productivity, but also to improving, specifically, productivity from farms managed by women. Thus, rural development interventions in Kenya that aim to increase agricultural productivity—and, by extension, improve food security and reduce poverty—could achieve greater impact by integrating women’s empowerment into existing and future projects.

Do Farmers and the Environment Benefit from Adopting Integrated Pest Management Practices? Evidence from Kenya

We estimate the impacts of a bundle of integrated pest management (IPM) practices on mango yield, mango net income, insecticide use, human health and the environment, using recent household survey data of mango growers in Kenya. We employ a multinomial endogenous switching treatment regression model with an ordered probit selection rule to establish counterfactual outcomes. Our results indicate that IPM‐adopting farmers have higher mango yields and mango net income, and also use lower quantities of insecticide and cause less damage to the environment and to human health. In addition, switching from one IPM to multiple IPM practices generates greater economic, environmental and human health benefits. These results suggest intensification of IPM‐adoption efforts and encouragement of the use of multiple IPM practices. These positive outcomes could be achieved through greater provision of technical support and extension services to farmers.

Does gender matter in the adoption of push-pull pest management and other sustainable agricultural practices? Evidence from Western Kenya

This paper examines whether there is a difference in the adoption of push-pull pest management technology (PPT) and other sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) on field-plots managed by males or females and those that are jointly-managed by males and females using plot-level and gender disaggregated data from Western Kenya. The econometric results suggest that there was no gender heterogeneity in the adoption of PPT after controlling for the manager of the field-plot and plot characteristics. However, gender differences in the adoption pattern of some other SAPs were evident. Jointly-managed plots were more likely to receive animal manure and soil and water conservation measures compared to male-managed and female-managed plots. We did not find any gender differences in the adoption of maize-grain legume intercropping, crop rotation, fertilizer use and improved maize seeds. The analysis further showed a significant correlation between PPT and other SAPs, suggesting that the adoption of agricultural technologies is interrelated. Lack of evidence on gender differences suggests that promotion and dissemination of PPT can be supported equally for male and female cereal farmers. Wider adoption can be achieved through promoting awareness of the technology and offering training through field days.