Beatriz Fernández Muñiz

Assessing and Measuring Banking Culture

A crucial lesson to be learned from the latest financial crisis is the importance of the strength of the banking system. A strong banking system needs appropriate prudential regulation that requires institutions to have a level of capital that is high enough to absorb the losses they may suffer due to the risks they take. However, this is no longer enough. The crisis has shown that it is necessary to analyse the soundness of an entity including aspects related to banking culture as a fundamental driver of excessive risk-taking, misconduct and compliance risks. The pre-crisis banking culture was characterized by very poor standards of conduct, which not only led to putting the solvency of financial institutions at risk but also to manipulating the market and improperly marketing banking products and services, resulting in economic harm to clients and serious risk to the stability of the financial system as a whole. Having learned from this lesson, post-crisis banking regulation and supervision now promotes new practices and methods of forward-looking prudential supervision. This chapter reviews the evolution and current state of the issue, paying special attention to the possible methods that may be applied to the assessment and measurement of banking culture.

LIDERAZGO Y CULTURA DE SEGURIDAD LABORAL: REVISIÓN DEL ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN

RESUMEN: Estudios recientes analizan la influencia del factor directivo en un puzle de relaciones particularmente complejo como la cultura de seguridad laboral. Este articulo ofrece una revision de los avances producidos en un campo de investigacion emergente y en evolucion. Se identifican cuestiones no resueltas como la influencia del estilo de liderazgo sobre la conducta de seguridad, la controversia sobre la eficacia de los incentivos economicos a la seguridad o la aun escasa evidencia sobre la interaccion de la cultura de seguridad con las politicas y objetivos fijados en otros ambitos de la organizacion. Como conclusion, se propone un marco analitico que integra el factor directivo en un modelo mas amplio de cultura de seguridad y permite articular nuevas hipotesis de investigacion relativas a los factores que moderan o son determinantes de su influencia sobre la conducta de los empleados. Palabras clave: Cultura de seguridad, liderazgo transformacional, incentivos a la seguridad