Beatriz Monte Serrat

Lodo de esgoto e fertilizante mineral sobre parâmetros do solo e de plantas de trigo

In order to evaluate the effect of an alkaline sewage sludge (ASS) as a supplement for soil chemical fertilization, an experiment with wheat crop was carried out in greenhouse. The experimental design was a 5 x 5, combining 5 rates of chemical fertilizers (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of rates recommended at planting) with 5 rates of dried ASS (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 Mg ha-1). The ASS, applied 20 days before seeding, raised the soil pH above neutral. Base saturation, cation exchange capacity and the contents of P, K, Ca, Cu and Zn were increased by the ASS application, whereas the contents of Mn and H+Al were decreased. The ASS negatively affected the morphological parameters and the dry-matter yield and increased the contents of K, N, Mg, Cu and Zn in wheat plants, whereas the fertilizer application provided opposite results, suggesting the effect of concentration and dilution for the ASS and fertilizer, respectively. The increased soil pH reduced the Mn availability to wheat plants, resulting in crop damage.

Avaliação de atrativos alimentares utilizados no monitoramento de mosca-das-frutas em pessegueiro na lapa- PR

Fruit flies of Anastrepha genus are a key pest in peach trees in Parana. Food attractants were tested to determine their efficiency in monitoring fruit flies captured in McPhail fly traps. The experiment was conducted over a period of three years. In 2002 the following attractors were tested: Maguari® brand grape juice, BioAnastrepha® brand hydrolyzed enzymatic protein and Chemin Agrin® vinegar. Over the next two years, the vinegar was replaced by Torula® hydrolyzed protein compound. Protein-based attractants were the most efficient in trapping Anastrepha spp. and captured flies earlier comparing to grape juice. According to the results, the use of protein-based attractants for monitoring Anastrepha spp in the Lapa peach trees was recommended.

Produção, teor foliar e qualidade de frutos do pessegueiro 'Chimarrita' em função da adubação nitrogenada, na região da Lapa-PR

The peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) integrated production regulates the N rates to be applied in order to obtain high yield and fruit quality without affecting plant sanity and environmental quality. However, there is a great lack of local information about N rate that it is necessary to achieve high yield for orchard at Lapa origin. So, an experiment was implanted in 5-year old commercial orchard, in the Lapa County, Parana State, Brazil where it was evaluated N rates effect over the fruit yield, leaves concentration and quality, during three years. The experimental design was a randomized block with three treatments and three replications. The treatments were three N rates (40, 80 and 160 kg of N ha-1 ano-1), using urea as N source. The reduction in nitrogen fertilization, in established orchard, diminished the yield only for the second year. There was an accumulated yield decrease of 8,4 t ha-1 during three years, comparing the smallest to largest rate. The yield was straight associated with fruit number since the fruit mass and caliber were not affected by N application. The N fertilization did not effect fruit qualitative proprieties evaluated (total soluble solids, acidity total titratable and firmness of the pulp) and them values stayed within range concentration considered normal for cultivar. Leave tissue analysis showed that only N concentration was affected by the N fertilization for the three evaluated years, but being in normal levels for all treatments. The Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn leaves concentration was below normal level established for peach..

Doses de potássio na lixiviação do solo com lodo de esgoto

Knowledge about the effects on the ionic balance in the soil solution is important, particularly with respect to residues rich in nitrogen applied with complementary fertilizers because nitrate can reach underground waters. The objective of this study was to verify leaching of nitrate and some associated cations in a soil that received sewage sludge and increasing doses of K2O. The study was carried out in a greenhouse of the Federal University of Parana, in the Sector of Agrarian Sciences in the municipality of Curitiba, during 2002. Fifteen columns of PVC, (60 cm height, 15 cm diameter) were used, filled with soil previously treated with sewage sludge and cultivated with corn during 2001. The pH and the concentrations of NO3-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ e Al3+ in the leachate solutions were determined. In four leachings performed, an increase of pH and of the concentrations of K+ and a reduction of Al3+ in the leachate was verified with the increasing doses of K2O, white no increase in leached nitrate, was observed. All collected solutions presented nitrate and aluminum values superior to the maximum permitted levels, 10 and 0.1 mg L-1 respectively.

Yield response to fertilization strategies in no-tillage soybean, corn and common bean crops

Two research fields were conducted on a Haplohumox from 1998 and to 2005. The study aimed to evaluate the strategies for starter fertilizer application on corn, soybean and common bean yield as well as the accumulation of earlier dry matter for corn in a no-tillage crop rotation system in south of Brazil. There was no increase in the yield of soybean with phosphorus and potassium application for at least seven seasons, while corn and common bean showed increased yields with phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen application. For soybean, corn and common beans in no-tillage systems with high levels of phosphorus and medium of potassium, the starter fertilizer can be applied in any of the methods evaluated and in any of the period considered. The presence or absence of potassium in the furrow, phosphorus sources and row preparation components provided similar yields to corn, soybean and common bean.

Aplicação de lodos de estações de tratamento de água e de tratamento de esgoto em solo degradado

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicacao de lodo de Estacao de Tratamento de Agua (ETA) em solo degradado, com presenca e ausencia de lodo de Estacao de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE), na produtividade do milheto e nas caracteristicas de fertilidade desse solo. A area experimental foi resultante de deposito de materiais oriundos da construcao da ETE Padilha Sul, em Curitiba (PR). Os blocos casualizados foram arranjados em parcelas subdivididas e uma testemunha, sendo a parcela principal constituida por ausencia e presenca de lodo de ETE (77 Mg.ha-1 Solidos Totais - ST) e a subparcela por doses de lodo de ETA (24, 37 e 61 Mg.ha-1 (ST)). Concluiu-se que a aplicacao de lodo de ETA nao teve efeito sobre a produtividade de milheto, tampouco sobre os teores dos elementos avaliados no solo. No entanto, na presenca do lodo de esgoto, a sua aplicacao foi favoravel a dinâmica do nitrogenio do solo ate a dose de 37 Mg.ha-1 e a aplicacao do lodo de ETE neutralizou o aluminio trocavel, elevou o pH, o calcio, carbono, fosforo e a saturacao de bases, e reduziu a acidez potencial do solo.

Atributos químicos de um latossolo bruno sob sistema plantio direto em função da estratégia de adubação e do método de amostragem de solo

Fertilizer application in the sowing rows does not necessarily increase crop yields, but it does increase the variability of the soil chemical properties, particularly of the nutrients P and K. This variability is greater in the no-tillage system because there is no homogenization of the soil surface layer. This study evaluated the effect of fertilization strategies on soil chemical properties at distinct soil depths after three and six years from the beginning of the experiment in a Haplohumox under long-term no-tillage. Besides, the variation of these properties considering two methods of soil sampling, with and without inclusion of the seeding row, was evaluated. Ten treatments were applied, nine considering P sources (rock phosphate and triple superphosphate), row preparation equipment (double disc opener and coulter opener), fertilizer placement (in-row and broadcast), time of application (summer and winter) and one control treatment, without fertilizer. The measured soil chemical properties were higher in the surface layers and depth distribution, except for P, was not influenced by the fertilization strategies. The soil P values were the lowest in the 0-5 cm layer where the coulter opener equipment had been continuously used for more than three years and no fertilizer was applied. With the inclusion of the sowing row in the soil sampling, higher K, Ca and CEC values were observed. The methodologies of soil sampling, with and without the inclusion of the sowing row and the 0-10 and 0-20 cm sampling layers resulted in similar fertilizer and lime recommendations for areas under long-term no-tillage.

Lodos de esgoto alcalinizados em solos do estado do Paraná: taxa de aplicação máxima anual e comparação entre métodos para recomendação agrícola

For agricultural use of alkalinized sludge (AS), beyond to establish the maximum application limits to comply with the legislation, it is necessary to study the attributes of sludges and soils that favor the methodologies of its recommendation. The objectives of this study were to determine the maximum annual application rate (MAAR) of alkalinized sludge (AS) according to the pH elevation criterion for 20 sludge origins and soils of the Parana state; to determine the influence of soil attributes over the MAAR of AS; to evaluate two methods rate calculation for AS, the base saturation (V%) and pH reference (SMP) by comparing with the standard incubation methodology for AS sludge application. It was used incubation test for AS applied to soil, following official methodology. The results indicated that the MAAR were ranged 10 to >80 Mg.ha-1, for the 20 regions; the chemical properties (cation exchange capacity, H+Al and carbon) and physical properties (clay) were the best parameters to the determination of the MAAR, showing direct relationship; the V% and SMP (pHH2O 5,5) methods were safe to the agricultural recommendation.

Alelopatia intra-específica de extratos aquosos de folhas e raízes de alfafa na germinação e no crescimento inicial de plântulas de dois materiais de alfafa: crioulo e melhorado

Alfalfa is one of the known crops that present a specific type of allelopathy called autotoxicity. Hence, this research was aimed at evaluating the concentration effects of aqueous extracts of plant parts (leaves and roots) of alfalfa (var. Crioula) on germination and early development of seedlings of two alfalfa (Crioula and P5454) varieties. Fifty seed of each variety were placed in Petri dishes with moistened filter paper. Aliquots (ten ml) from each part extracts at two concentrations, 50 or 100% (pure extract), were added to petri dishes, and distilled water was used as a control. Treatments placed in Petri dishes were randomly arranged in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Measurements included: germination, and radicle and hypocotyl lengths taken six days after germination. The aqueous extracts of leaves inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of the two alfalfa varieties. However, on the var. Crioula germination and early development was inhibited only when it was used pure extracts of leaves, while in var. P5454 leaves extracts diluted to 50% already had some reduction on germination and seedlings length. The aqueous extracts of the alfalfa roots did not cause inhibition on germination and seedlings lengths. The results suggest intra-specific variations on tolerance to the allelochemicals and a preferential production of them in the aerial part of the alfalfa plant, var. Crioula.

Doenças foliares, cancro e número de frutos relacionados com a adubação nitrogenada em pessegueiro

With the introduction of an integrated production of peaches (PI) in Parana, some modifications during the handling of this culture were necessary, in order to adapt it to the regional conditions. The Nitrogen fertilizer was recommended to PI from Rio Grande do Sul and it stated a maximum of 80 kg/ha of nitrogen (N) annually, becoming a limiting factor to the high productivity reached by some producers in the State of Parana. On the other hand, the increasing of the nitrogen dosage may favor a major incidence of leave and branch diseases, damaging the development of the plants. The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer in the production and in three diseases, cultivated in the PI system. An experiment in Lapa was carried through with the Chimarrita Cultivar, with three treatments (40, 80 and 160 kg/ha of N) and six repetitions. The production was evaluated counting the number of total fruits for useful plant in the harvest. For evaluation of the diseases the number was determined by the number of lesions (cankers) of Botryosphaeria dothidea in a marked plant of each fragment, two years in a row (2003 and 2004), in the period after flowering, shot hole (Wilsonomyces carpophilus) was determined by the incidence of the disease in the year of 2002 and to rust (Tranzschelia discolor) it was evaluated the incidence and severity in 2003 and 2004. With the data of the rust severity the progress curve of the disease and the fall of the leaves index in the period were obtained. In the third year it was observed that in the dose of 160 kg/ha of N the number of fruits was significant and bigger than in the other treatments. It was observed the growth of the incidence of cankers among the years, however without significant result for the different dosages of nitrogen. The shot hole also was not influenced by the treatments. The area below the progress curve of the diseases (AACPD) for rust severity was 20,7 % superior to the minor dose in relation to the major dose of nitrogen, however without any reflexes over the fall of the leaves index.