Nerilde Favaretto

Phosphorus loss by surface runoff in no-till system under mineral and organic fertilization

The no-till system has been intensively used in the state of Parana, Brazil, and it has increased the nutrients level at the soil surface. This has contributed for nutrient losses via runoff and consequently, off-site water pollution. The objective of this study was to evaluate phosphorus loss in surface runoff by simulated rainfall on an Oxisol, under no-till system following application of mineral fertilizer and liquid swine manure. Nitrogen, soil and water losses from the same study are reported in a separated paper. The application of liquid swine manure, compared with mineral fertilization, increased runoff concentration of total P, particulate P and dissolved reactive P by 193%, 111% and 506%, respectively, averaged for all rainfall intensities. Independently on the fertilizer source, the highest rainfall intensity provided the greatest concentration and loads of P in runoff.

Esterco líquido de bovinos leiteiros combinado com adubação mineral sobre atributos químicos de um Latossolo Bruno

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of fertilization doses of liquid dairy manure combined with mineral fertilizer on the chemical properties of a Brown Oxisol, in no-tillage system and winter and summer crop rotation (sorghum/black-oat/corn/ryegrass/corn/ryegrass), for silage production, in the layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-30, 30-50 and 50-80 cm. The treatments were distributed in three randomized blocks, divided in 12 plots per block, in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement, with three mineral fertilizer levels (0, 50 and 100 % of the dose recommended for the crops) and four organic fertilizer levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 m3 ha-1 year-1). The liquid dairy manure increased the pH linearly in the 0-5 cm layer and quadratic in the 30-50 cm layer. The mineral fertilization reduced the pH values linearly in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers, with quadratic effect at 50-80 cm. The potential acidity decreased in 5-10 cm, with quadratic pattern at 10-30 cm. The exchangeable Ca2+ increased in the 0-5 cm layer with manure, but no effect of mineral fertilization on this attribute was verified. An increase in exchangeable Mg2+ levels was observed in the manure treatments to a depth of 30 cm; under mineral fertilizer, increases were observed from 30 cm downwards. There was a linear increase of base saturation through manure doses, down to a depth of 10 cm, and the mineral fertilization decreased base saturation at 5-10 cm, with a quadratic effect at 50-80 cm.

Lodo de esgoto e fertilizante mineral sobre parâmetros do solo e de plantas de trigo

In order to evaluate the effect of an alkaline sewage sludge (ASS) as a supplement for soil chemical fertilization, an experiment with wheat crop was carried out in greenhouse. The experimental design was a 5 x 5, combining 5 rates of chemical fertilizers (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of rates recommended at planting) with 5 rates of dried ASS (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 Mg ha-1). The ASS, applied 20 days before seeding, raised the soil pH above neutral. Base saturation, cation exchange capacity and the contents of P, K, Ca, Cu and Zn were increased by the ASS application, whereas the contents of Mn and H+Al were decreased. The ASS negatively affected the morphological parameters and the dry-matter yield and increased the contents of K, N, Mg, Cu and Zn in wheat plants, whereas the fertilizer application provided opposite results, suggesting the effect of concentration and dilution for the ASS and fertilizer, respectively. The increased soil pH reduced the Mn availability to wheat plants, resulting in crop damage.

Capacidade da Typha dominguensis na fitorremediação de efluentes de tanques de piscicultura na Bacia do Iraí - Paraná

Eutrophication is characterized by a process in which a water body acquires high levels of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates, resulting in organic matter accumulation with further decomposition. One of the alternatives for environmental descontamination is the use of phytoremediation. The objective of this investigation was to test the capacity of Typha dominguensis in reducing eutrophication in fish pond effluents. An experiment was installed at Canguiri Research Station, at the Federal University of Parana, using water from fish ponds. Typha dominguensis, being the test plant, was grown under five levels of N and P in factorial combination with six repetitions in an aerated closed system. After 160 days of cultivation, the plants were collected and evaluated for biomass production and nutrient extraction capacity. Roots were not considered for the chemical analysis. In the best treatment, a depuration rate in water of 87% for N and 54% for P was observed. This indicated a very promising potential of the species for these purposes.

Chumbo e zinco em águas e sedimentos de área de mineração e metalurgia de metais

LEAD AND ZINC IN WATER AND SEDIMENTS OF A METAL MINING AND METALLURGY AREA. Lead metallurgy at Adrianopolis is the largest environmental problem of Parana, Brazil. The objective of this study was to determine Pb and Zn levels in water and sediment in two catchments by different extraction methods. The high levels of lead in water in most of samples do not allow the human use. Total Pb concentration as high as 795.3 µg L-1 was observed in Ribeira River bank, in a pluvial water stream flowering from a abandoned factory. Due to the high Pb levels in sediments from some sites (maximum of 24,300 mg kg -1) is recommended to avoid the water turbulence.

Yield response to fertilization strategies in no-tillage soybean, corn and common bean crops

Two research fields were conducted on a Haplohumox from 1998 and to 2005. The study aimed to evaluate the strategies for starter fertilizer application on corn, soybean and common bean yield as well as the accumulation of earlier dry matter for corn in a no-tillage crop rotation system in south of Brazil. There was no increase in the yield of soybean with phosphorus and potassium application for at least seven seasons, while corn and common bean showed increased yields with phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen application. For soybean, corn and common beans in no-tillage systems with high levels of phosphorus and medium of potassium, the starter fertilizer can be applied in any of the methods evaluated and in any of the period considered. The presence or absence of potassium in the furrow, phosphorus sources and row preparation components provided similar yields to corn, soybean and common bean.

Efeito da revegetação e da adubação de área degradada na fertilidade do solo e nas características da palhada

This work was carried out on a soil degraded by oil shale mining in Sao Mateus do Sul, PR, Brazil, to determine the soil fertility and the characteristics of straw mulch after revegetation with forage species submitted to different fertilizations. The experimental design was setup in randomized blocks with split plots, being three plots concerning fertilizations and three subplots with forage species. The fertilizations used were: I - mineral fertilizer with aerial part left over; II - mineral and organic fertilizer with aerial part excluded; III - mineral fertilizer with aerial part excluded. The forages established different systems: Systems I and II - perennial grasses and legumes species of winter and summer; System III - annual grasses and legumes species of winter and summer. The soil chemical properties were determined in the 0-3 and 3-9 cm depths. Percentage of soil covered, weight of residual dry matter, C and N concentrations and the amount of these nutrients were also analyzed. The treatments changed the chemical properties of the soil, mainly in 0-3 cm depth, and in general, better results were obtained with organic fertilization. Considering that the content of organic matter is the main factor on reclamation process, the perennial species were more adequate, however, all forage systems shown high percentage of soil covered.

Estimating P loss potencial by P Index

Phosphorus (P) is the limiting element of eutrophication. The P losses by runoff can affect water quality. The objective of this study was to estimate the P loss from soil to water through the P Index method with Brazilian experimental data and to compare this estimated data with the analytically determined soluble P, particulate P and total P. The P Index was developed in the United States of America, in 1993, and has been widely used in several versions. In this study, four P Index versions were analysed using experiments from southern Brazil. The estimated P Indices were compared with the P concentration and loss in runoff. Besides the correlation analysis, the stepwise regression was used to analyze the influence of different components of the PI in P concentration and loss in the water. The Original P Index version was more significant with P concentration in runoff. The regression analyses indicated that the soil erosion factor did not influence P loss from soil to water.

Atributos químicos de um latossolo bruno sob sistema plantio direto em função da estratégia de adubação e do método de amostragem de solo

Fertilizer application in the sowing rows does not necessarily increase crop yields, but it does increase the variability of the soil chemical properties, particularly of the nutrients P and K. This variability is greater in the no-tillage system because there is no homogenization of the soil surface layer. This study evaluated the effect of fertilization strategies on soil chemical properties at distinct soil depths after three and six years from the beginning of the experiment in a Haplohumox under long-term no-tillage. Besides, the variation of these properties considering two methods of soil sampling, with and without inclusion of the seeding row, was evaluated. Ten treatments were applied, nine considering P sources (rock phosphate and triple superphosphate), row preparation equipment (double disc opener and coulter opener), fertilizer placement (in-row and broadcast), time of application (summer and winter) and one control treatment, without fertilizer. The measured soil chemical properties were higher in the surface layers and depth distribution, except for P, was not influenced by the fertilization strategies. The soil P values were the lowest in the 0-5 cm layer where the coulter opener equipment had been continuously used for more than three years and no fertilizer was applied. With the inclusion of the sowing row in the soil sampling, higher K, Ca and CEC values were observed. The methodologies of soil sampling, with and without the inclusion of the sowing row and the 0-10 and 0-20 cm sampling layers resulted in similar fertilizer and lime recommendations for areas under long-term no-tillage.

Esterco de gado leiteiro associado à adubação mineral e sua influência na fertilidade de um latossolo sob plantio direto

Dairy cattle in South Brazil is raised mainly in a system based on partial or total confinement of the animals, generating a significant amount of residues. The residues have been used as the only nutrient source or associated to mineral sources in grain or silage production. Their effect on soil characteristics has however been little explored. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of fertilization rates with liquid dairy cattle manure associated with mineral fertilizer on P, K, C, and electrical conductivity (EC) levels of a Brown Oxisol, under no-tillage and winter and summer crop rotation (sorghum/black-oat/corn/ryegrass/corn/ ryegrass) for silage production, in the layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-30, 30-50 and 50-80 cm. The treatments were distributed in three randomized blocks, each divided in 12 plots, in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement, with three mineral fertilizer levels (0, 50 and 100 % of the dose recommended for the crops) and four organic fertilizer levels (0, 30, 60, and 90 m3 ha-1 year-1). Mineral fertilizer resulted in higher values of available P (Mehlich-1 and resin) to a depth of 10 cm, due to the fertilizer application in depth by the planter, whereas the highest values under manure surface application were restricted to the 0-5 cm layer. Potassium depletion was observed along the soil profile due to high extraction by silage, and a linear ratio with available K level could be applied in the case of liquid manure at all depths. The lack of effect by the mineral fertilizer on K is probably due to the low rate of K application. A direct relationship was observed between manure rates and organic C concentration in the 0-5 cm layer, unlike in the case of mineral fertilizer. Low EC values were obtained suggesting high nutrient exportation by silage production. Results indicate that there was no significant P migration in the Oxisol profile, even after six years of dairy cattle manure application at high rates, and that K applied via manure and mineral fertilizer is insufficient to maintain the levels of this nutrient in systems where K extraction by silage is high. In these situations, increased levels of organic C are restricted to the soil surface layer in no-tillage and directly related to the manure rate.