Benoit Mangote

Femtosecond laser damage resistance of oxide and mixture oxide optical coatings

We report on the laser damage resistance of ion beam-sputtered oxide materials (Al2O3, Nb2O5, HfO2, SiO2, Ta2O5, ZrO2) and mixtures of Al2O3-SiO2, Nb2O5-SiO2, HfO2-SiO2, Ta2O5-SiO2, and ZrO2-SiO2, irradiated by single 500 fs pulses at 1030 nm. Laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT), refractive index, and bandgaps of the single-layer coatings are measured. For pure oxide materials a linear evolution of the LIDT with bandgap is observed. The results are in accordance with our simulations based on photo-ionization and avalanche-ionization. In the case of mixtures, however, deviations from the previous behaviors are evidenced. The evolution of the LIDT as a function of the refractive index is analyzed, and an empirical description of the relation between refractive index and LIDT is proposed.

Characterization of zirconia– and niobia–silica mixture coatings produced by ion-beam sputtering

ZrO2-SiO2 and Nb2O5-SiO2 mixture coatings as well as those of pure zirconia (ZrO2), niobia (Nb2O5), and silica (SiO2) deposited by ion-beam sputtering were investigated. Refractive-index dispersions, bandgaps, and volumetric fractions of materials in mixed coatings were analyzed from spectrophotometric data. Optical scattering, surface roughness, nanostructure, and optical resistance were also studied. Zirconia-silica mixtures experience the transition from crystalline to amorphous phase by increasing the content of SiO2. This also results in reduced surface roughness. All niobia and silica coatings and their mixtures were amorphous. The obtained laser-induced damage thresholds in the subpicosecond range also correlates with respect to the silica content in both zirconia- and niobia-silica mixtures.

A high accuracy femto-/picosecond laser damage test facility dedicated to the study of optical thin films

A laser damage test facility delivering pulses from 100 fs to 3 ps and designed to operate at 1030 nm is presented. The different details of its implementation and performances are given. The originality of this system relies the online damage detection system based on Nomarski microscopy and the use of a non-conventional energy detection method based on the utilization of a cooled CCD that offers the possibility to obtain the laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) with high accuracy. Applications of this instrument to study thin films under laser irradiation are presented. Particularly the deterministic behavior of the sub-picosecond damage is investigated in the case of fused silica and oxide films. It is demonstrated that the transition of 0-1 damage probability is very sharp and the LIDT is perfectly deterministic at few hundreds of femtoseconds. The damage process in dielectric materials being the results of electronic processes, specific information such as the material bandgap is needed for the interpretation of results and applications of scaling laws. A review of the different approaches for the estimation of the absorption gap of optical dielectric coatings is conducted and the results given by the different methods are compared and discussed. The LIDT and gap of several oxide materials are then measured with the presented instrument: Al(2)O(3), Nb(2)O(5), HfO(2), SiO(2), Ta(2)O(5), and ZrO(2). The obtained relation between the LIDT and gap at 1030 nm confirms the linear evolution of the threshold with the bandgap that exists at 800 nm, and our work expands the number of tested materials.

Laser-induced damage of hafnia coatings as a function of pulse duration in the femtosecond to nanosecond range

Laser-damage thresholds and morphologies of hafnia single layers exposed under femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond single pulses (1030/1064 nm) are reported. The samples were made with different deposition parameters in order to study how the damage behavior of the samples evolves with the pulse duration and how it is linked to the deposition process. In the femtosecond to picosecond regime, the scaling law of the laser-induced damage threshold as a function of pulse duration is in good agreement with the models of photo and avalanche ionization based on the rate equation for free electron generation. However, differences in the damage morphologies between samples are shown. No correlation between the nanosecond and femtosecond/picosecond laser-damage resistance of hafnia coatings could be established. We also report evidence of the transition in damage mechanisms for hafnia, from an ablation process linked to intrinsic properties of the material to a defect-induced process, that exists between a few picoseconds and a few tens of picoseconds.

Transient interference implications on the subpicosecond laser damage of multidielectrics

Laser-induced damage in optical thin films with subpicosecond pulses is investigated. A model dedicated to optical interference coatings and based on the rate equation for free electron generation is introduced. It takes into account the transient interference effects induced by changes in the dielectric function during the laser pulse and its feedback effect on the electron density distribution in the multilayer stack. Simulations are compared to experiments on HfO2 and Ta2O5 films with pulses ranging from 45 fs to 1 ps. It is shown that this approach can improve the interpretation of femtosecond and picosecond laser induced damage in thin films.

Measurement and calculation of ternary oxide mixtures for thin films for ultra short pulse laser optics

The femto-second technology gains of increasing importance in industrial applications. In this context, a new generation of compact and low cost laser sources has to be provided on a commercial basis. Typical pulse durations of these sources are specified in the range from a few hundred femtoup to some pico-seconds, and typical wavelengths are centered around 1030-1080nm. As a consequence, also the demands imposed on high power optical components for these laser sources are rapidly increasing, especially in respect to their power handling capability in the ultra-short pulse range. The present contribution is dedicated to some aspects for improving this quality parameter of optical coatings. The study is based on a set of hafnia and silica mixtures with different compositions and optical band gaps. This material combination displays under ultra-short pulse laser irradiation effects, which are typically for thermal processes. For instance, melting had been observed in the morphology of damaged sides. In this context, models for a prediction of the laser damage thresholds and scaling laws are scrutinized, and have been modified calculating the energy of the electron ensemble. Furthermore, a simple first order approach for the calculation of the temperature was included.

An exhaustive study of laser damage in ion beam sputtered pure and mixture oxide thin films at 1030 nm with 500 fs pulse durations

We report on the laser damage resistance of thin films prepared by Ion Beam Sputtering. The samples are fused silica substrates coated with single layer films of pure oxides (SiO2, Nb2O5, ZrO2, HfO2, Ta2O5, Al2O3, Sc2O3) and oxide mixtures with various ratios (Nb2O5/SiO2, ZrO2/SiO2, HfO2/SiO2, Ta2O5/SiO2, Al2O3/SiO2 and Sc2O3/SiO2). For this study the LIDT of more than 60 different samples have measured at 1030nm with pulse durations of 500fs with single pulse irradiation. The results are expressed and compared in terms of LIDT as a function of the measured band gap energy and refractive index. For simple oxide materials a linear evolution of the LIDT with bandgap is observed, with the exception of Sc2O3 material where a very high damage threshold is observed, compared to other high index materials. In the case of mixtures, a more complex behavior is evidenced.

Study of the laser matter interaction in the femtosecond regime: application to the analysis of the laser damage of optical thin films

We report an experimental investigation in the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of optical coatings materials. The samples are single layers of Al2O3, Nb2O5, HfO2, SiO2, Ta2O5, ZrO2 deposited through different deposition techniques (evaporation or sputtering with/without ion assistance) and mixtures of Al2O3/SiO2, Nb2O5/SiO2, HfO2/SiO2, Ta2O5/SiO2 and ZrO2/SiO2 on silica substrates. The LIDT is measured at 1030nm, 500fs in single shot mode. The results are expressed and compared in term of LIDT as a function of bandgap and LIDT as a function of refractive index.

Complex study of zirconia-silica and niobia-silica composite coatings produced by ion beam sputtering

In this study, we report on our recent progress in research of single layer mixed zirconia-silica and niobia-silica composite coatings prepared by Ion Beam Sputtering technique. All coatings of the same optical thickness were characterized in terms of reflection/transmission spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, atomic force and optical microscopy, optical back-scattering and optical resistance (laser-induced damage threshold - LIDT) in subpicosecond mode. The optical resistance, TIS and LIDT results reveal clear dependence on high refractive index material content in composite coating and its crystalline structure. The results are interpreted and discussed by the means of different models available in literature.

Investigation of laser damage in single layer coatings with pulse durations from 45fs to 24ps

Single shot LIDT of single layer coatings of different deposited materials (SiO2, HfO2, Ta2O5 and Nb2O5) have been studied. We report dependence of the damage threshold with different operational and material parameters (pulse duration, nature of the deposited material, deposition process or thickness of the layer). For interpretation a model dedicated to optical coatings and based on the conduction band electron rate equation is used. The simulations are compared to experiments. The theoretical approach is in good accordance to the experimental data.