Bernardo Berenchtein

Utilização de glicerol na dieta de suínos em crescimento e terminação

The purpose of this work was to evaluate three levels of use of glycerol (0, 3, 6 and 9%) a byproduct of biodiesel production, in the diets of growing and finishing swines on performance, on carcass traits and on meat quality. A total of sixty-four Topigs pigs with 33.27 ± 4.66 kg initial body weight were distributed in 32 pens accordingly to the initial weight in a complete random block design with eight replicates (blocks) per level of glycerol. In each of the three phases: growth 1 (33.27 to 65.00 kg), growth 2 (65.00 to 85.00 kg) and finishing (85.00 to 99.97 kg), the animals were fed isonutritional rations and water ad libitum. When the animals reached 99.97 ± 1.92 kg body weight, they were slaughtered and the following carcass traits were evaluated: hot carcass yield, carcass length, backfat thickness, loin eye area and fat/meat ratio. Samples of longissimus dorsi were taken for pH measurement, color and water drip loss. The addition of glycerol into the diet reduced only the daily weight gain during growth periods 1 and 2. Generally, glycerol can be used as energetic ingredient in diets for growing and finishing pigs up to 9% with no effect on performance, carcass quality and meat quality.

Aditivos fitogênicos e butirato de sódio como promotores de crescimento de leitões desmamados

espanolO objetivo do trabalho foi estudar os efeitos de aditivos fitogenicos e butirato de sodio como alternativas aos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade, pH do conteudo digestorio e frequencia de diarreia de leitoes recem-desmamados. Um experimento em blocos casualizados completos, com duas repeticoes no tempo e 34 dias de duracao cada, foi realizado para testar cinco tratamentos: controle (T1) dieta basal; antimicrobiano (T2) basal com 40 ppm de sulfato de colistina; fitogenico (T3) dieta basal com 500 ppm de aditivos fitogenicos microencapsulados; butirato de sodio (T4) dieta basal com 1500 ppm de butirato de sodio; fitogenico + butirato de sodio (T5) dieta basal com 500 ppm de aditivos fitogenicos + 1500 ppm de butirato de sodio. Para o desempenho e a frequencia de diarreia, foram utilizados 120 leitoes, oito repeticoes por tratamento e tres animais por unidade experimental. A digestibilidade foi determinada em 60 leitoes das quatro primeiras repeticoes, utilizando-se o metodo da coleta parcial de fezes e o oxido de cromo como marcador. Ao final do periodo experimental, um animal de cada baia, das quatro primeiros repeticoes, foi abatido para mensuracao do pH do duodeno, jejuno e ceco. Foram testados contrastes especificos de importância pratica. Embora, o desempenho dos leitoes nao tenha sido influenciado pelos tratamentos (p>0,05), o tratamento butirato de sodio (T4) apresentou os melhores resultados numericos em ambos os periodos analisados. Tambem nao houve diferenca (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos para a frequencia de diarreia e para o pH da digesta. Os leitoes dos tratamentos fitogenico (T3) e butirato de sodio (T4) apresentaram a media de coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da energia superior (p=0,07) ao dos leitoes do tratamento fitogenico + butirato de sodio (T5). Assim, em condicoes de creche experimental, nao ficou evidenciado qualquer efeito dos aditivos fitogenicos e do butirato de sodio como promotores de crescimento de leitoes recem-desmamados alimentados com dietas complexas e altamente digestiveis. EnglishThe purpose of this work was to evaluate phytobiotic additives and sodium butirate as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters based on performance, digestibility, digesta pH and diarrhea incidence of weanling pigs. A 34-d randomized complete block design experiment, two replicates in the time, was carried out to compare five treatments: control (T1) basal diet; antimicrobial (T2) basal diet with 40 ppm of colistin sulfate; phytobiotic (T3) basal diet with 500 ppm of microencapsulated natural phytobiotics; sodium butyrate (T4) basal diet with 1500 ppm of sodium butyrate; and phytobiotic + sodium butyrate (T5) basal diet with 500 ppm of natural ptytobiotics + 1500 ppm of sodium butyrate. One hundred and twenty piglets, eight replications per treatment, and three animals per experimental unit were used for performance data and diarrhea incidence. For digestibility assay, 60 piglets of first four replications were considered, using chromium oxide as fed marker. At the end of experimental period, an animal per pen of first four replications was slaughtered for digesta pH measurements. Specific contrasts of practical importance were tested. No differences were found in performance data (p>0.05), however numerically sodium butyrate (T4) showed the best results in both periods. The treatments did not show any effect (p>0.05) on diarrhea incidence and on digesta pH. Energy digestibility coefficient average of phytobiotic additives (T3) and sodium butyrate (T4) was higher (p= 0.07) than that of phytobiotic + sodium butyrate (T5). Therefore, in the experimental nursery condition, there was no evidence of natural phytobiotic and sodium butyrate as growth promoters of weanling pigs fed complex diet with high digestibility raised.

Ractopamina, cromo-metionina e suas combinações como aditivos modificadores do metabolismo de suínos em crescimento e terminação

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ractopamine and chromium-methionine additions and their combinations in diets for growing and finishing swines on performance, carcass traits and meat quality. Sixty-four Topigs line swines at 26.56 ± 3.11 kg initial body weight were distributed in a randomized block experimental design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme with two levels of ractopamine (0 and 5 ppm) and two levels of chromium-methionine (0 and 400 ppb), totaling four diets with eight replications (blocks) per diet. In each one of the three following phases, growing 1 (from 26.56 kg to 50.51 kg), growing 2 (from 50.51 kg to 70.32 kg) and finishing (from 70.32 kg to 114.80 kg), meal rations and water were given ad libitum to animals.When pigs reached 114.80 ± 4.98 kg body weight, they were slaughtered and carcasses were evaluated regarded to cold carcass yield, carcass length, backfat thickness, loin eye area and fat:meat ratio. Samples of longissimus dorsi muscle were taken to measure colour, final pH and drip loss. Supplementation of ractopamine improved feed conversion, cold carcass yield, loin eye area, fat:meat ratio and drip loss, and it reduced redness and yellowness components of meat. Although chromium-methionine decreased daily feed intake, it does not affect the performance and carcass traits neither meat quality of swines. Supplementation of ractopamine combined to chromium-methionine do not affect carcass traits and meat quality of animals.

Acidificantes como alternativa aos antimicrobianos promotores do crescimento de leitões

espanolO objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar combinacoes de acidificantes como alternativas aos anti- microbianos melhoradores do desempenho de leitoes na fase de creche. O experimento foi em blocos casualizados, com 34 dias de duracao e cinco tratamentos. Foram utilizados 160 leitoes Topigs recem-desmamados, em torno de 24 dias e peso inicial de 6,69±1,82 kg. Para o periodo de 1 a 14 dias de experimento (24 a 38 dias de idade), os tratamentos foram: Am - dieta pre-inicial com 0,004% de sulfato de colistina; A1 - pre-inicial com 0,5% do mistura 1 (contendo acido formico, 145 000 ppm; acido fosforico, 85 000 ppm); A2 - pre-inicial com 0,15% do mistura 2 (butirato de sodio, 64 000 ppm) e 0,4% do mistura 3 (acido lactico, 620000 ppm; acido formico, 40000 ppm); A3 - pre-inicial com 0,8% do mistura 4 (acido propionico, 198000 ppm; acido acetico, 196000 ppm; acido formico, 196000 ppm; acido fosforico, 21000 ppm; acido citrico, 8500 ppm); A4 - dieta basal com 0,6% do mistura 4 e 0,15% do mistura 5 (acido benzoico, 590000 ppm; acido formico, 70000 ppm; acido fosforico, 50000 ppm; acido citrico, 40000 ppm). Para o periodo de 14 a 34 dias, os tratamentos foram: Am - dieta inicial com 0,004% de sulfato de colistina; A1 - inicial com 0,3% do mistura 1; A2 - inicial com 0,1% do mistura 2 e 0,3% do mistura 3; A3 - inicial com 0,6% do mistura 4; A4 - inicial com 0,5% do mistura 4 e 0,1% do mistura 5. Foram alocados quatro leitoes por unidade experimental Na fase pre-inicial, o tratamento A2 proporcionou melhor peso aos 14 dias (P14) e ganho diario de peso (GDP) que o A3, e melhor conversao alimen- tar (CA) que o Am. Para o periodo total, o A4 determinou melhor CA que o Am. Os tratamentos nao afetaram a frequencia de diarreia e o pH estomacal. O A4 resultou em menor valor de pH cecal que o Am. Para morfologia intestinal o A2 proporcionou menores valores de profundidade de cripta (PC) do jejuno que o A3 e o Am e maior relacao altura de vilosidade:profundidade de crip- ta do jejuno que o A1 e o A3. Os acidificantes sao uma alternativa promissora aos antimicrobianos promotores do crescimento de leitoes na fase de creche. EnglishThe purpose of this work was to evaluate several acidifier blens as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters of weanling pigs. A 34-d randomized complete block design experiment was carried out to compare five treatments using one hundred and sixty Topigs 24- d-weaned pigs, with 6.69±1.82 kg live weight. For 1-14 d experimental period (24 to 38 days old), the treatments were: Am - pre-starter diet with 0.004% of colistin sulfate; A1 - pre-starter diet with 0.5% of blend 1 (containing formic acid, 145000 ppm; phosphoric acid, 85000 ppm); A2 - pre-starter diet with 0.15% of blend 2 (butyric acid, 64000 ppm) and 0.4% of blend 3 (lactic acid, 620000 ppm; formic acid, 40 000 ppm); A3 - pre-starter diet with 0.8% of blend 4 (propionic acid, 198000 ppm; acetic acid, 196000 ppm; formic acid, 196000 ppm; phosphoric acid, 21000 ppm; citric acid, 8500 ppm); and A4 - pre-starter diet with 0.6% of blend 4 and 0.15% of blend 5 (benzoic acid, 590000 ppm; formic acid, 70000 ppm; phosphoric acid, 50000 ppm; citric acid, 40000 ppm). For 14- 34 d experimental period, the treatments were: Am - starter diet with 0.004% of colistin sulfate; A1 - starter diet with 0.3% of blend 1; A2 - starter diet with 0.1% of blend 2 and 0.3% of blend 3; A3 - starter diet with 0.6% of blend 4; and A4 - starter diet with 0.5% of blend 4 and 0.1% of blend 5. The pigs were allotted to 20 suspended pens, with four pigs per experimental unit. For 1-14 d experimental period, treatment A2 gave better body weight at 14 th day (BW14) and average daily gain (ADG) than A3, and better feed conversion (FC) than Am. For total experimental period (1-34 d), A4 gave better FC than Am. Treatments did not affect diarrhea frequency and stomach pH. Treatment A4 gave lower pH value than Am. For intestinal morphology, A2 provided smaller jejunum crypt depth (CD) than A3 and Am, and bigger ratio of jejunum villus height:crypt depth than A1 and A3. The acidifiers are a potential alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter for weanling piglets.

Levedura hidrolisada como fonte de nucleotídeos para leitões recém-desmamados

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of levels of nucleotides in diets for weanling pigs on performance, organs morphometry and histology of intestinal epithelium. One hundred and forty-four pigs weaned at 21 days of age and with 5.80 ± 0.16 kg initial live weight were used in a completely randomized experimental design with six diets, six replications per diet and four animals per pen (experimental unit). Diets were: Am _ antimicrobial: basal diet with 40 ppm of colistin sulfate and basal diet with 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 ppm of nucleotides. At the end of the experimental period, one animal of each pen was slaughtered to evaluate morphometry of the organs and intestinal epithelium histology. From day 1 to day 14 of the experimental period, performance traits worsened linearly and for the total experimental period of 34 days, a linear reduction of final live weight was observed when levels of dietary nucleotides were increased. Pigs fed diet with colistin showed greater length of small intestine and lower villus height:crypt depth ratio (AV:PC) of duodenum when compard to those fed nucleotides. Also, a linear increase of relative weight of spleen, as well as a linear increase of AV:PC and linear reduction of crypt depth of duodenum were observed with the addition of nucleotides in the diet. Therefore, although the addition up to 600 ppm of nucleotides in complex diets did not improve performance, it improves morphometry of the organs and intestinal epithelium histology of weanling pigs.

Aditivos fitogênicos e butirato de sódio como alternativas aos antibióticos para leitões desmamados

espanolObjetivando-se estudar os efeitos de aditivos fitogenicos e butirato de sodio como alternativas aos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento na morfometria e histologia intestinal de leitoes recem-desmamados aos 21 dias de idade foi realizado um experimento com 60 leitoes distribuidos em delineamento de blocos casua-lizados completos com cinco tratamentos: controle (T1) - racao basal; com antimicrobiano (T2); com aditivos fitogenicos (T3); com butirato de sodio (T4) e com aditivos fitogenicos mais butirato de sodio (T5) e quatro repeticoes com tres animais por repeticao. Os tratamentos foram comparados por contrastes entre medias. Os leitoes dos tratamentos T2, T3, T4 e T5 apresentaram menor media na relacao peso:comprimento do intestino delgado (p= 0,02) do que os do tratamento controle (T1). A media dos tratamentos T3 e T4 para o peso relativo do ceco foi menor (p= 0,09) e para a densidade de vilosidades do duodeno (DV) dos leitoes foi maior (p= 0,06) em relacao aos do T5. Constatou-se ainda que as DV do duodeno dos leitoes do T3 foram maiores (p= 0,02) que as dos leitoes do T4. No jejuno, a media das DV dos leitoes dos tratamentos T2, T3, T4 e T5 foi maior (p= 0,03) que a dos leitoes do tratamento T1 e os leitoes do T4 apresentaram maiores DV (p= 0,08) que os do tratamento T3. Os diferentes aditivos demonstraram eficacia na manutencao ou no aumento do numero de vilos no jejuno. Os aditivos fitogenicos e o butirato de sodio, adicionados individualmente as racoes dos animais, proporcionaram integridade morfometrica e fisiologica no intestino de leitoes desmamados aos 24 dias de idade. EnglishThe purpose of this trial was to evaluate the effects of phytobiotic additives and sodium butyrate as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters based on organs morphometry and intestinal histology for piglets weaned at 21 days old. A 34-d randomized complete block design experiment was carried out, with sixty weanling pigs, to compare five treatments: control (T1) - basal diet; antimicrobial (T2); phytobiotic (T3); sodium butyrate (T4) and phytobiotic + sodium butyrate (T5), three animals per pen (experimental unit) and four replications per treatment. Specific contrasts were tested. Organs morphometry showed that the average of treatments T2, T3, T4 e T5 for weight:length ratio of small intestine was lower (p= 0.02) than that of control treatment. The average of T3 and T4 treatments for caecum relative weight was lower (p= 0.09) and for DV of duodenum of weanling pigs was higher (p= 0.06) than that of the T5. Piglets of T3 showed higher DV (p= 0.02) than those of T4. Jejunum DV average of treatments T2, T3, T4 e T5 was higher (p= 0.03) than that of T1, and piglets of T4 showed higher DV (p= 0.08) than those of T3. The additives were effectives in keeping or improving villous number of jejunum. However, phytobiotic additives and sodium butyrate added individually in animal diets provided morphological and physiological integrity in the intestine of piglets weaned at 24 days old.

Leitões recém-desmamados alimentados com dietas contendo proteína láctea e zinco suplementar

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da utilizacao de proteina lactea ou zinco suplementar na dieta sobre o desempenho, os pesos relativos do intestino delgado e figado, a morfologia intestinal e as concentracoes sericas de IGF-I (fator de crescimento semelhante a insulina), hormonio do crescimento e zinco em leitoes. O experimento teve duracao de 14 dias e foi realizado com 60 leitoes desmamados aos 21 dias de idade (5,43 ± 0,46 kg), em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em fatorial 2 x 2, composto de dois niveis de proteina lactea (com e sem, 4%) e dois de zinco (com e sem, 2.250 ppm) na dieta. No periodo de 1 a 7 dias de experimento, o zinco proporcionou melhor conversao alimentar e, no periodo de 1 a 14 dias, promoveu maior pesos aos 14 dias e maior ganho de peso. O fornecimento de proteina lactea na dieta piorou a conversao alimentar nas duas fases (de 1 a 7 dias e de 1 a 14 dias de experimento) e resultou em menor profundidade de cripta no jejuno aos 7 dias e maior altura de vilosidade aos 14 dias de experimento. Aos 7 dias de experimento, Houve interacao proteina lactea e zinco para a relacao altura de vilosidades:profundidade de criptas do jejuno, a qual foi tambem maior nos animais recebendo proteina lactea. A adicao de zinco na dieta reduziu a concentracao de IGF-I e o peso relativo do figado aos 14 dias de experimento, enquanto o uso de proteina lactea aumentou a concentracao de IGF-I. A inclusao de proteina lactea melhorou a conversao alimentar, influenciou a morfologia intestinal e aumentou a concentracao de IGF-I, mas a suplementacao de zinco nao foi eficiente para alterar os niveis de hormonio do crescimento no organismo.

ESSAY ABOUT ISOTOPIC ECOLOGY (δ13C AND δ15N) OF FISH FARMING SPECIES: POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION

This study aims to assess changes of the isotopic signal - δ 13 C and δ 15 N - of muscle tissue among fish species of natural and breeding environments as a way to understand the relationship between habitat, diet and trophic composition of these watersports animals. Thus, we used four different species of fishes, being the peacock bass and tuna from different natural environments and the salmon and tilapia of breeding environments or fattening farms. From this, excepting the species of tuna the values of δ 13 C of Tilapia was significantly larger than others - peacock bass, salmon and tambaqui - while for the values of δ 15 N the species of Tilapia were significantly the lowest of all. Furthermore, the hatchery species of Tilapia and Salmon considerably had the lower variability. These results together suggest a significant difference in isotopic signal between species of hatchery and natural environments, reflecting different diets and composition of food chains according to the source environment of species.