Valdomiro Shigueru Miyada

Efeitos de extratos vegetais e antimicrobianos sobre a digestibilidade aparente, o desempenho, a morfometria dos órgãos e a histologia intestinal de leitões recém-desmamados

The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the effects of antimicrobial and herbal extracts on digestibility, performance, morphology and histology of weanling pigs. One hundred and twenty weaned pigs were used to compare five treatments: control - basal diet; antimicrobial - basal diet plus Zn bacitracina, olaquindox, and colistin (50 ppm of each); herbal extract A, B and C - basal diet plus 700 ppm, 1,400 ppm and 2,100 ppm of herbal extract, respectively, with 12 replications (pens of two pigs each) per treatment in a 35-d randomized complete block design experiment. The herbal extract consisted of mixture of equal amounts of essential oils of thyme, clove, oregano, eugenol and carvacrol. In digestibility assay, 40 pigs (four replications per treatment) were fed a diet with chromium oxide (marker method). On 35th day of experimental period, one animal of each experimental unit was slaughtered and samples were collected for analysis. The herbal extracts increased dietary DM apparent digestibility compared to control and antimicrobial treatments. The antimicrobial agents improved performance of weanling pigs during all phases of the experimental period compared to the other treatments. Pigs fed high dietary level of herbal extract showed better results for pig performance and other variables. The antimicrobial treatment improved the relative weights of intestinal tract and empty small intestine and improved ileum villus height and ileum villus height:crypt depth ratio of animals. However, more studies are necessary to evaluate which type of essential oil should be used and the best combination and inclusion level of herbal extract in the diet.

Efeitos de antimicrobianos, prebióticos, probióticos e extratos vegetais sobre a microbiota intestinal, a freqüência de diarréia e o desempenho de leitões recém-desmamados

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of probiotics, prebiotics and herbal extracts as alternatives to antimicrobial agents (as growth promoters) on intestinal microbiology , diarrhea incidence, and on performance of weanling pigs. Two randomized complete block design experiments were carried out during 35 days to compare five treatments: control - basal diet; antimicrobial - basal diet plus Zn bacitracin and olaquindox (50 ppm of each); probiotic - basal diet plus 1,300 ppm of probiotic (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis); prebiotic - basal diet plus 3,000 ppm of mannanoligosaccharide; herbal extract - basal diet plus 500 ppm of herbal extract (garlic, clove, cinnamon, pepper, thyme, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol). In the Experiment 1, forty 21-d-weaned pigs were alloted to 20 suspended pens, each one with two pigs (one barrow and one gilt) per pen (experimental unit) and four replications per treatment. On 35th day of experimental period, one animal of each experimental unit was slaughtered to collect the content of the jejunum/ileum for microbiological analysis. In the Experiment 2, one hundred and twenty 21-d-weaned pigs composed 12 replications per treatment and two animals (one barrow and one gilt) per experimental unit. Fecal score was daily evaluated to calculate diarrhea incidence. Treatment effect was observed neither on intestinal microbiology nor on diarrhea incidence. The antimicrobial agents improved average daily gain of weanling pigs, during 1-35 (+21.4%) and 15-35 (+22%) days of experimental periods, compared to pigs fed control diet. The probiotic and herbal extract did not improve piglet growth performance. The performance of piglets fed prebiotic was similar to those fed antimicrobials, during 1-14 days of experimental period. However, feed conversion was not improved.

Extratos vegetais como alternativas aos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento para leitões recém-desmamados

The purpose of this study was to evaluate herbal extracts as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for weanling pigs based on growth performance and organ weights. A 35-d randomized complete block design experiment was carried out to compare five treatments: control (C) - basal diet; antimicrobial (A) - basal diet supplemented with colistin + tiamulin (75 ppm of each); herbal extract - basal diet supplemented with 420 ppm of extracts of clove (Ec); oregano (Eo) and clove + oregano (Ec + Eo), respectively. Herbal extracts consisted of essential oils of clove + eugenol and oregano + carvacrol. Eighty pigs sorted in eight replications per treatment, and two animals per experimental unit were used for growth performance evaluation. At the end of experimental period, one animal per pen from the first four blocks was slaughtered for organ morphometry evaluation. Specific contrasts of practical importance were tested. For 1-14 d of experimental period (24 to 38 days of age), pigs fed the antimicrobial supplemented diet showed better feed conversion rate (CA) than the mean of those fed herbal extract treatments, while pigs fed Ec supplemented diet had better CA than those fed Eo. For the total period (24 to 59 days of age), pigs fed antimicrobial showed higher body weight at 59 days of age (P59) and average daily gain (GDP) than the mean of those fed herbal extracts. Pigs fed Ec + Eo had higher P59 and GDP than the mean of those fed other herbal extract treatments. For the organ morphometry data, the antimicrobials provided a higher relative weight of kidneys compared to the mean of treatments with herbal extracts. Overall, antimicrobial agents provided the best growth performance of weanling pigs. Concerning to herbal extracts, the combination of clove and oregano provided growth performance close to that of pigs fed antimicrobials, showing that this combination can be a potential alternative as growth promoter for weanling pigs.

Utilização de glicerol na dieta de suínos em crescimento e terminação

The purpose of this work was to evaluate three levels of use of glycerol (0, 3, 6 and 9%) a byproduct of biodiesel production, in the diets of growing and finishing swines on performance, on carcass traits and on meat quality. A total of sixty-four Topigs pigs with 33.27 ± 4.66 kg initial body weight were distributed in 32 pens accordingly to the initial weight in a complete random block design with eight replicates (blocks) per level of glycerol. In each of the three phases: growth 1 (33.27 to 65.00 kg), growth 2 (65.00 to 85.00 kg) and finishing (85.00 to 99.97 kg), the animals were fed isonutritional rations and water ad libitum. When the animals reached 99.97 ± 1.92 kg body weight, they were slaughtered and the following carcass traits were evaluated: hot carcass yield, carcass length, backfat thickness, loin eye area and fat/meat ratio. Samples of longissimus dorsi were taken for pH measurement, color and water drip loss. The addition of glycerol into the diet reduced only the daily weight gain during growth periods 1 and 2. Generally, glycerol can be used as energetic ingredient in diets for growing and finishing pigs up to 9% with no effect on performance, carcass quality and meat quality.

Ractopamine as a metabolic modifier feed additive for finishing pigs: a review

The β-adrenergic agonist ractopamine is increasingly used in the swine industry due to higher consumer demand for leaner pork products. Redirecting nutrients to favor leanness rather than fat deposition, ractopamine improves growth and carcass traits of finishing pigs. However, the impact of this agonist on pork quality is not clearly defined. Understanding the biological effects of dietary ractopamine dose, treatment period, lysine levels, and the lysine to metabolizable energy ratio will help pork producers achieve improvements in animal performance, carcass leanness, and economic efficiency in swine production systems.

Aditivos fitogênicos e butirato de sódio como promotores de crescimento de leitões desmamados

espanolO objetivo do trabalho foi estudar os efeitos de aditivos fitogenicos e butirato de sodio como alternativas aos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade, pH do conteudo digestorio e frequencia de diarreia de leitoes recem-desmamados. Um experimento em blocos casualizados completos, com duas repeticoes no tempo e 34 dias de duracao cada, foi realizado para testar cinco tratamentos: controle (T1) dieta basal; antimicrobiano (T2) basal com 40 ppm de sulfato de colistina; fitogenico (T3) dieta basal com 500 ppm de aditivos fitogenicos microencapsulados; butirato de sodio (T4) dieta basal com 1500 ppm de butirato de sodio; fitogenico + butirato de sodio (T5) dieta basal com 500 ppm de aditivos fitogenicos + 1500 ppm de butirato de sodio. Para o desempenho e a frequencia de diarreia, foram utilizados 120 leitoes, oito repeticoes por tratamento e tres animais por unidade experimental. A digestibilidade foi determinada em 60 leitoes das quatro primeiras repeticoes, utilizando-se o metodo da coleta parcial de fezes e o oxido de cromo como marcador. Ao final do periodo experimental, um animal de cada baia, das quatro primeiros repeticoes, foi abatido para mensuracao do pH do duodeno, jejuno e ceco. Foram testados contrastes especificos de importância pratica. Embora, o desempenho dos leitoes nao tenha sido influenciado pelos tratamentos (p>0,05), o tratamento butirato de sodio (T4) apresentou os melhores resultados numericos em ambos os periodos analisados. Tambem nao houve diferenca (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos para a frequencia de diarreia e para o pH da digesta. Os leitoes dos tratamentos fitogenico (T3) e butirato de sodio (T4) apresentaram a media de coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da energia superior (p=0,07) ao dos leitoes do tratamento fitogenico + butirato de sodio (T5). Assim, em condicoes de creche experimental, nao ficou evidenciado qualquer efeito dos aditivos fitogenicos e do butirato de sodio como promotores de crescimento de leitoes recem-desmamados alimentados com dietas complexas e altamente digestiveis. EnglishThe purpose of this work was to evaluate phytobiotic additives and sodium butirate as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters based on performance, digestibility, digesta pH and diarrhea incidence of weanling pigs. A 34-d randomized complete block design experiment, two replicates in the time, was carried out to compare five treatments: control (T1) basal diet; antimicrobial (T2) basal diet with 40 ppm of colistin sulfate; phytobiotic (T3) basal diet with 500 ppm of microencapsulated natural phytobiotics; sodium butyrate (T4) basal diet with 1500 ppm of sodium butyrate; and phytobiotic + sodium butyrate (T5) basal diet with 500 ppm of natural ptytobiotics + 1500 ppm of sodium butyrate. One hundred and twenty piglets, eight replications per treatment, and three animals per experimental unit were used for performance data and diarrhea incidence. For digestibility assay, 60 piglets of first four replications were considered, using chromium oxide as fed marker. At the end of experimental period, an animal per pen of first four replications was slaughtered for digesta pH measurements. Specific contrasts of practical importance were tested. No differences were found in performance data (p>0.05), however numerically sodium butyrate (T4) showed the best results in both periods. The treatments did not show any effect (p>0.05) on diarrhea incidence and on digesta pH. Energy digestibility coefficient average of phytobiotic additives (T3) and sodium butyrate (T4) was higher (p= 0.07) than that of phytobiotic + sodium butyrate (T5). Therefore, in the experimental nursery condition, there was no evidence of natural phytobiotic and sodium butyrate as growth promoters of weanling pigs fed complex diet with high digestibility raised.

Variabilidade espacial da comunidade bacteriana intestinal de suínos suplementados com antibióticos ou extratos herbais

This trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial supplementation (association of 50 ppm of colistin, 50 ppm of zinc bacitracin and 50 ppm of olaquindox) or herbal extract (based on thyme, clove and oregano at levels of 0, 700, 1,400 and 2,100 ppm) on Bacteria population of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum of swine at 56 days old. Denaturing gradient technique in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of amplicons from 16S rDNA V3 region was used. The number of detected amplicons changed according to intestinal segment analyzed and supplementation with growth promoter. Antibiotic and herbal extract decreased diarrhea incidence. Performance of animals supplemented with increasing levels of herbal extract and antibiotic was similar. The highest level (2,100 ppm) of herbal extract showed greater values of weight gain. It was possible to determine relations among the number of amplicons observed in the four segments of intestinal tract, growth promoter, daily weight gain and diarrhea incidence. The structure of Bacteria population of the intestinal tract of swine showed higher similarity, due to the sampling site than the growth promoter.

Uso de plasma suíno desidratado por Spray-Dryer na dieta de leitões desmamados precocemente

The objective of this work was to evaluate the spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) in the diet of 21 day-weaned pig. One hundred and twenty piglets averaging 5.75 kg of initial weight were used to test the inclusion levels of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5% of porcine plasma on phase 1 (from 0 to 14 days) and its effects on phase 2 (from 15 to 28 days). Except for the piglets in the control diet, all other animals were fed a starter diet with 2.5% of SDPP and 2.5% of spray-dried red blood cell (SDBC) during 15 to 28-day-post weaning period. The diets were formulated to contain in the phases 1 and 2, respectively, 1.4 and 1.2% of lysine, .54 and .42% of methionine, and 15 and 8% of lactose. A randomized block design with five replications and six animals per experimental unit was used. Average daily feed intake increased linearly in the phases 1 and 2, with the increasing level of SDPP. For overall period (from 0 to 28 days), there was linear response of average daily feed intake to the SDPP levels in the phase 1.The SDPP stimulated higher daily feed intake during the two weeks after weaning. This effect was maintained during the second phase (15 to 28 days post weaning), when a combination of 2.5% SDPP and 2.5% SDBC was used.

Ractopamina, cromo-metionina e suas combinações como aditivos modificadores do metabolismo de suínos em crescimento e terminação

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ractopamine and chromium-methionine additions and their combinations in diets for growing and finishing swines on performance, carcass traits and meat quality. Sixty-four Topigs line swines at 26.56 ± 3.11 kg initial body weight were distributed in a randomized block experimental design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme with two levels of ractopamine (0 and 5 ppm) and two levels of chromium-methionine (0 and 400 ppb), totaling four diets with eight replications (blocks) per diet. In each one of the three following phases, growing 1 (from 26.56 kg to 50.51 kg), growing 2 (from 50.51 kg to 70.32 kg) and finishing (from 70.32 kg to 114.80 kg), meal rations and water were given ad libitum to animals.When pigs reached 114.80 ± 4.98 kg body weight, they were slaughtered and carcasses were evaluated regarded to cold carcass yield, carcass length, backfat thickness, loin eye area and fat:meat ratio. Samples of longissimus dorsi muscle were taken to measure colour, final pH and drip loss. Supplementation of ractopamine improved feed conversion, cold carcass yield, loin eye area, fat:meat ratio and drip loss, and it reduced redness and yellowness components of meat. Although chromium-methionine decreased daily feed intake, it does not affect the performance and carcass traits neither meat quality of swines. Supplementation of ractopamine combined to chromium-methionine do not affect carcass traits and meat quality of animals.

Ovo em pó na alimentação de leitões recém-desmamados

Two experiments were carried out to determine the chemical composition, nutrients digestibility and digestible energy and protein of spray-dried egg (OP) and to study the performance and plasma and blood components of weanling pigs fed diets containing OP. In the Experiment I, eight pigs were used for digestibility assay. The animals were assigned to two treatments and four replications/treatment. The treatments consisted of a basal diet and test diet (70% of basal diet + 30% of OP). The method was the partial faeces collection (0.5% Cr2O3). The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein and crude fat were, respectively, 80.81, 87.14, 82.00, and 70.55%. From the results of apparent digestibility coeficients and the values of crude protein (56.53%) and gross energy (5,897 kcal/kg), values of 43.90% of digestible protein and 5,140 kcal/kg of digestible energy for OP were calculated. In the Experiment II, ninety pigs were weaned at 24 days of age with 5.6 kg live weight. The treatments consisted of five dietary levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%, as a replacement of plasma (PS) protein for OP protein. Pigs were alloted to a randomized block design with nine replications per treatment. No treatment effects were observed on performance for 1-14 day post-weaning phase. For the 15-28 d phase and for the total period, linear reductions of GDP and CDR were observed, as the dietary OP levels increased. No treatment effects were observed on plasma and blood components by the inclusion of spray-dried egg. It was not recommended to replace the PS by OP in nursery diets.