Bihter Akınoğlu

Characteristics of upper extremity’s muscle strength in Turkish national wheelchair basketball players team

The objective of this study was to reveal characteristics of muscle strength of upper extremities of wheelchair (WC) basketball players and to ensure more-specific training program preparation. Isokinetic muscle strength of 12 WC basketball players were assessed by ISOMED 2000 device. The assessment protocol was evaluated at 60°/sec velocity with 5 times repeated force and at 240°/sec with 15 times repeated force. This protocol was carried out individually for shoulder flexion-extension and wrist flexion-extension movements at the right and left extremities. The flexion/extension ratio was determined to be outside of the ratios accepted as normal for primarily shoulder joint and for wrist joint. The extension movement was stronger than flexion movement in the shoulders at both velocities and the flexion movement was stronger than ex-tension movement in the wrist. The repeat times where the peak torque occurred were 2–3 repeats at 60°/sec velocity during flexion and extension movements for the wrist and shoulders, and the peak torque occurred at an average of 5–6 repeats in the shoulders at 240°/sec velocity and it occurred at 3–4 repeats in the wrist. The angles where the peak torque of the shoulder flexion and extension occurred varied between 80°–115° at both velocities, and it varied between 5°–30° angles for the wrist. As this study revealed, determination of muscle strength characteristics of WC athletes and especially using objective isokinetic devices will guide the planning of the appropriate training and exercise programs and preventing sports injuries in long term.

Effect of poor oral health on respiratory functions which is one of the important factor of sportive performance

Pulmonary capacity varies with factors such as age, sex, being healthy, body mass index (BMI), habits, and exercising (1). Simple allometric relationships between body structure and lung rates have indicated that the rate estimates are quite high in the youngest age group and quite low in the oldest adolescents. In addition, younger males have greater lung function values than younger females for standing body measurements. Tidal volume and respiratory minute volume increase with exercise. The increase in inspiration is derived from the inspiratory reserve volume. Vital capacity is an important indicator, but in recent years, forced vital capacity (FVC) measurements have become more accepted. FVC is close to VC in healthy individuals. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) has the advantage of being the most reproducible lung function parameter and is normally 75%–80% (2). A decrease indicates large airway obstruction. Oral health is a part of general health and its integrity is impaired by diseases that develop on dental or periodontal tissue. Periodontal diseases are specific infections characterized by the progression of the infections in the gingival connective tissue, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone, destruction of the dental support tissues, and eventual tooth loss (3). These diseases are caused by complex relationships between pathogenic microorganisms and hosts, and are the most common chronic diseases known to the World Health Organization (WHO) data (4). Recent studies have focused on periodontal health and shown that many systemic and periodontal diseases are related. These are diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory system diseases, metabolic syndrome, kidney diseases, and negative consequences (preterm delivery, low-birth-weight SUMMARY This study aimed to determine the effect of periodontal disease and dental decay, which deteriorated oral health in athletes, on the respiratory system and hence sports performance. The athletes were divided into 3 groups: group 1: no periodontal disease or dental health problem (age: 16.8 ± 4.72 years; 10 male and 15 female); group 2: DMFT 1.7 and 13 athletes with periodontal disease (age: 18.2 ± 4.88 years; 22 male and 22 female); and group 3: DMFT 6.7 and periodontal disease (age: 20.8 ± 4.60 years; 19 male and 23 female). The mean prevalence value, DMFT index, gingival index (GI), forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio, and FVC mean value were evaluated. The mean FEV1/FVC% value of group 1 was 84.8 ± 2.26, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 20.8 ± 4.56. The DMFT index of group 2 was found to be 1.7. Based on the GI assessment, 13 athletes were diagnosed with acute gingivitis. The mean BMI of this group was 22.2 ± 3.49. Based on the respiratory test, the mean value of FEV1/FVC% was 85±2.22. The DMFT index of group 3 was 6.7. No significant correlation was found between FEV1/FVC% and oral health problems of group 2. However, a significant correlation was observed between FEV1/FVC% and oral health status of group 3. FEV1/FVC% decreased with poor oral health, indicating that respiratory values were affected when oral health was bad, influencing the athletes performance negatively.

Is there Relationship between Pectoralis Minor Muscle Length and Shoulder Rotator Muscles Strength

Problem Statement: In joint movement, agonist and antagonist muscle strength, as well as the length and the shortness of these muscles is an important parameter. Muscle shortness is one of the factor that responsible of sports injuries. Shoulder is one of the most injured joint in Judo. In this joint, determination of the relationship between muscle shortness and agonist-antagonist muscles strength will be effective to increase muscle strength, sportive performance and prevent sports injuries. Purpose of Study: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between pectoralis minor (PM) muscle length and shoulder internal(IR)/external(ER) rotation isokinetic muscle strength in Judo athletes. Methods: The study included 80 (56 males, 24 female) professional Judo athletes aged between 14-25 (mean 17,31±2,51). Isokinetic muscle strength was assessed by ISOMED 2000® device. Pectoralis minor length was evaluated using a flexible tape measure in resting position. The assessments were made bilaterally. Findings and Results: There was a strong and statistically significant correlation between the PM length and the shoulder IR and ER peak torque values at both angular velocities and both sides (p <0,01). Conclusions and Recommendations: It was determined that the relationship between the length of the PM muscle and the internal and external rotator muscle strength of Judo athletes. Therefore, we think that by increasing shoulder muscle strength to enhance sportive performance, stretching exercises for PM muscle shortening should be added to training programs.

HEMİPARETİK VE DİPARETİK SEREBRAL PARALİZİLİ ÇOCUKLARDA FİZİKSEL UYGUNLUK DÜZEYİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Amac: Bu calisma, hemiparetik ve diparetik serebral paralizili (SP) cocuklarda fiziksel uygunluk duzeyinin belirlenmesi ve SP’li cocuklarin saglikli yasitlari ile karsilastirilmasi amaciyla planlandi. Yontem: Calismaya 5-12 yas arasi 20 hemiparetik ve 20 diparetik SP’li ile 22 saglikli olmak uzere toplam 62 birey dahil edildi. Fiziksel uygunlugu degerlendirmek icin, alti dakika yurume testi, kas kuvveti ve kassal endurans olcumu, esneklik testleri, hiz testleri, 10x5 m ceviklik testi ve one dogru fonksiyonel uzanma testi kullanildi. Sonuclar: Fiziksel uygunluk testlerinden ust abdominal kaslarin kuvveti ve otur uzan testi sonuclari, SP’li cocuklar ile saglikli olgular arasinda benzer bulundu (p>0,05). Sirt ekstansiyon hareketinin esnekligi (p 0,05). Tartisma: Calismadan elde edilen sonuclar, diparetik SP’li olgularda fiziksel uygunluk duzeyinin daha fazla etkilendigini gosterdi. SP’li olgularda fiziksel uygunluk seviyesinin saglikli yasitlarina gore daha dusuktu. Calismamizin sonuclari, SP’li olgularda fiziksel uygunluk seviyesini artirmaya yonelik rehabilitasyon uygulamalarinin gerekliliklerini tanimlamak icin kullanilabilir.

A comparison of the acute effects of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy, ultrasound therapy, and exercise therapy in plantar fasciitis

This study was conducted to compare the acute effects of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (r-ESWT), ultrasound (US) therapy and home exercise therapy on pain, fatigue, performance and walking distance in women with plantar fasciitis (PF). Fifty-four female patients diagnosed with PF participated in the study. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups as r-ESWT and home exercise groups, US and home exercise groups, and only home exercise groups. Patients’ pain and fatigue levels were assessed by using a visual analog scale. Also walking distances, walking speed and plantar flexor muscles performance were assessed. Patients’ pain at night before bedtime and leg fatigue after the 6-min walking test decreased in the US therapy group in comparison to the other two groups (P<0.05). The 20-m walking speed improved in the US and r-ESWT therapy groups following the treatments (P<0.05) and there was no difference between the groups. After treatment, while the 20-m walking speed was increasing in US and r-ESWT groups (P<0.05), no increase was observed in exercise group. But there was no difference between the 20-m walking speed of 3 groups after treatment (P>0.05). However, all three groups’ complaints decreased after treatment. Our study results illustrated that r-ESWT, US, and home exercise therapy have acute effects on the PF treatment and when there is no possibility of practising any treatment to patients, home exercises such as r-ESWT, US treatment are effective therapies for decreasing pain and fatigue levels and improving performance and walking distance.

Determination of the relationship between core endurance and isokinetic muscle strength of elite athletes

Muscle strength and core endurance are both factors contributing to athletes’ performance and prevalence of injuries. There are no studies indicating the relationship between muscle strength around the shoulder and knee joints and core endurance. The aim of our study is to determine the relationship between core endurance and isokinetic muscle strength of knees and shoulders of elite athletes. Seventy-one elite athletes (weight lifting, boxing, taekwondo, biathlon, and ice skating) (age, 18.13±2.9 years) were included in the study. Isokinetic muscle strength of shoulder internal-external rotation and knee flexion-extension were determined by using an Isomed 2000 device. Core endurance of athletes was assessed using the Mcgill Core Endurance Tests. There was a relationship between the shoulder internal rotation and external rotation peak torque/body weight (PT/W) and all endurance tests except extension endurance tests. There was also a relationship between knee flexion PT/W and all core endurance tests. While there was a relationship between knee extension PT/W and extension endurance and the lateral bridge test, this relationship was not found with the flexor endurance test. These results indicate that the upper and lower extremity muscle strength and core endurance of athletes are related with each other and must be evaluated and trained as a whole with each other.

Determination of upper extremity muscle strength profile of Turkish weightlifting national team athletes

Performance sports compel the limits of the human body. Increasing the muscle strength for performance improvement and combination of this strength with techniques are the main factors for compelling the limits in the weightlifting field where the technique, explosive power, and flexibility are at the highest level (1,2). The complex structure of weightlifting necessitates examination of muscle strength and the effects of this strength on the body (3). Dynamic stability of the muscles surrounding the upper extremity and shoulder belt is needed for performing a movement successfully in weightlifting (3). A strength imbalance between the muscles that participate in the movement leads to failure in performing the movement successfully and presents a risk factor for upper extremity injuries in athletes. The literature reports that 68.9% sprain and tendinitis are seen in weightlifters. The regions of injuries in professional weightlifters are the lumbar region (23.1%), knees (19.1%), shoulders (17.7%), hands (10%), and elbow (2.5%) (4,5). It is known that the agonist/antagonist muscle strength imbalance is among the risk factors in sports injuries (6). Therefore, objective assessment of muscle strength in all athletes is crucial to the sportive success of athletes and prevention of injuries. Despite several studies in the literature exploring the upper extremity isokinetic strength profile in various sports fields such as swimming, handball, volleyball, tennis, water polo, cricket, judo, and basketball (7-22), no study has examined the upper extremity isokinetic muscle strength characteristic in weightlifters. SUMMARY This study aimed to determine the upper extremity isokinetic muscle strength profile of Turkey male weightlifters and shed light on the exercise and training program by sharing these results with the athletes and all team working presently in the weightlifting sports area. This study included 21 weightlifters, who did not have any orthopedic problems, did professional weightlifting for at least 2 years, were cooperative, had a cognitive state required for the assessment, and volunteered to participate in the study. The tests were performed using an isokinetic dynamometer system at angular velocities of 60°/s and 240°/s during concentric contractions. The protocol was applied separately to the right and left extremities for the shoulder internal rotation/external rotation and elbow flexion/extension movements. The peak torque of internal rotation in the shoulder joint was found to be higher than that of external rotation, and the extension peak torque in the elbow joint was higher than the peak torque of flexion. External/internal rotation rate in the shoulder joint at 240 o/s velocity was lower compared with the rate at 60o/s velocity and also at the rates accepted to be normal for both angular velocities. The elbow flexion/extension rate on the dominant and nondominant sides ranged outside of the rates accepted as normal for both angular velocities. The present findings can guide the weightlifting athletes to reduce the sports injuries that may occur in shoulder and elbow joints and increase their sports performance.

Effect of septoplasty on functional outcomes and physical fitness level

Nasal septum is one of the most essential physiological and supportive structures of the nose. Nasal septal deviation (NSD) causes obstruction of air passages in nostrils, and the nose loses its normal structure and functions due to the sliding of the nasal septum to the right or left side. Trauma, lengthening of birth moment, abnormal pressure during birth moment, and abnormal growth of maxillary bone can cause NSD. The prevalence of NSD in society has been reported as 18.8%–57.6% (1).

Determination of the relationship between the wrist isokinetic muscle strenght and the grip strength in tennis players aged between 12-14

Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between isokinetic wrist muscle strenght and grip strength in tennis players aged between 12-14. Methods: This study was carried out with the participation of 9 (3 female and 6 male) tennis players aged between 12-14 (means 13,22±0,83). Weight, height, body mass index and dominant extremity of the players were recorded. İsokinetic measurement was performed with Isomed 2000® device. İsokinetic testing protocol; before the test all players performed the wrist flexion and extension isokinetic test with the 5 repeating at 90 º/sec as a warm-up and for comprehenting the test. Then, wrist flexion and extension concentric-concentric strength measurements were performed with the 5 repeating at 60 º/sec and with the 15 repeating at 240 º/sec with the angle between 50 degrees of wrist flexion and 60 degrees of wrist extension and peak torque values were recorded. Standard Jamar® Dynamometer was used for grip strength measurements. Grip strenght was performed firstly in sitting position, which is the position of standard measurement. Secondly, in standing position, the elbow was in full ekstansion and the forearm was in neutral position. Thirdly, in standing position the wrist was positioned approximately 30° extension and 10° ulnar deviation. This test was repeated 3 times in all test position and the mean of three scores were recorded. Firstly, the dominant hand, then the non-dominant hand was evoluated. They were allowed to rest for 30 seconds between each grip measurement. Correlation between peak tork of isokinetic muscle strenght and grip strength was done having been used Spearman correlation test. Findings: It was determined that there was a significant positive relation between wrist flexion-extension isokinetic muscle strength and grip strenght in tennis players aged between 12-14. Clinically, grip strength measured in the standard sitting position was found more as compared to the other positions but these values were not statistically significant (p>0,05). Accordingly, grip strength measured in the standard sitting position correlated with much more of the parameters which we evaluated for isokinetic muscle strength comparing to grip strenght measured in the other two positions (p<0,05). Results: It was concluded that isokinetic muscle strength of wrist can be affected by grip strength, therefore measurement needs to be done in the sitting position which maximum grip strength may reveal. The relation of isokinetic muscle strength and grip strength in tennis players Standing position Anatomical position Sitting position (Dominant side)(N) (Non-dominant side)(N) (Dominant side)(N) (Non-dominant side)(N) (Dominant side)(N) (Non-dominant side)(N) r p r p r p r p r p r p Dominant wrist flexion 60°/sec (Nm) 0.444 0.232 0.378 0.316 0.402 0.284 0.192 0.620 0.304 0.427 0.523 0.148 Non-dominant wrist flexion 60°/sec (Nm) 0.727 0.027* 0.648 0.059 0.795 0.010* 0.355 0.349 0.793 0.011* 0.535 0.138 Dominant wrist extension 60°/sec (Nm) 0.828 0.006** 0.496 0.175 0.837** 0.005 0.209 0.589 0.802 0.009** 0.422 0.258 Non-dominant wrist extension 60°/sec (Nm) 0.603 0.085 0.504 0.166 0.557 0.119 0.266 0.489 0.294 0.443 0.672 0.047* Dominant wrist flexion 240°/sec (Nm) 0.226 0.559 0.252 0.513 0.151 0.699 0.109 0.781 0.118 0.762 0.287 0.454 Non-dominant wrist flexion 240°/sec (Nm) 0.218 0.572 0.194 0.617 0.109 0.780 0.063 0.872 0.169 0.663 0.233 0.546 Dominant wrist extension 240°/sec (Nm) 0.753 0.019* 0.630 0.069 0.854** 0.003 0.318 0.404 0.743 0.022* 0.549 0.126 Non-dominant wrist extension 240°/sec (Nm) 0.422 0.258 0.712 0.031* 0.616 0.077 0.570 0.109 0.319 0.403 0.877 0.002** *p<0.05; **p<0.001; p= significant level; r= Spearman coefficient value

A comparison of wrist isokinetic muscle strength in wheelchair table tennis and wheelchair basketball players

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare isokinetic muscle strength of wrist flexor and extensor muscles in paralympic athletes. Methods: This study was carried out with the participation of 9 (4 females and 5 males) wheelchair (WC) table tennis players aged 24+3 and 8 male WC basketball players aged 26+3, met the criteria and voluntarly participate in the study. Body weight, height, body mass index and dominant extremity of the study subjects were recorded. İsokinetic measurement were performed with Isomed 2000® device. İsokinetic testing protocol; before the test all players performed the wrist flexion and extension isokinetic test with the 5 repeating at 90º/sec as a warm-up and comprehending the test. Then, wrist flexion and extension concentric-concentric strength measurements were performed with the 5 repeating at 60º/sec and with the 15 repeating at 240º/sec with the angle between 50 degrees of wrist flexion and 60 degrees of wrist extension and peak torque, peak torque/kg values and flexion/extension ratios were recorded. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare isokinetic muscle strength quantitative variables in athletes. Findings: Isokinetic muscle strength of wrist flexors and extensors was higher in both sides in WC table tennis players with 60º/sec speed (p<0,05). İsokinetic muscle strength of wrist flexors and extensors was higher in both sides in WC basketball players with 240º/sec speed (p<0,05). There was no significant difference statistically between the groups in isokinetic wrist flexion and extansion peak torque/kg ratio in all speeds (p>0,05). Wrist flexion/extension peak torque ratios were similar in both groups. When examining the athletes flexion/extension ratios, wrist extensor muscles were weaker than flexor muscles and flexor muscles were average twice stronger than extensor muscles in both sports (Table1). Table 1. Comparison of wrist flexion and extension isokinetic muscle strength, peak torque/kg and agonist/antagonist ratio of wc basketball and wc table tennis players Wheelchair table tennis(N=9)X±SD Wheelchair basketball(N=9)X±SD p* Flexion 60°/sec Dominant side PT(Nm) 23.41±11.13 8.87±1.65 0.001 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.39±0.13 0.42±0.10 0.499 Non-dominant side PT(Nm) 20.26±9.26 8.26±3.11 0.001 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.34±0.12 0.46±0.11 0.048 Flexion 240°/sec Dominant side PT(Nm) 18.36±8.51 23.87±3.67 0.034 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.31±0.10 0.33±0.03 0.772 Non-dominant side PT(Nm) 16.20±6.90 25.45±8.16 0.021 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.27±0.08 0.35±0.10 0.162 Extension 60°/sec Dominant side PT(Nm) 10,463.86 12.03±3.42 0.289 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.18±0.05 0.16±0.04 0.440 Non-dominant side PT(Nm) 8.11±3.24 13.47±3.46 0.007 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.14±0.04 0.18±0.04 0.091 Extension 240°/sec Dominant side PT(Nm) 7.11±2.56 30.78±8.89 0.001 PT/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.12±0.04 0.12±0.02 0.961 Non-dominant side PT(Nm) 6.06±2.78 32.82±9.08 0.001 Pt/Kg (Nm/Kg) 0.10±0.03 0.11±0.03 0.560 Flexion/extension 60°/sec Dominant side Ratio 52.16±15.66 60.10±8.71 0.386 Non-dominant side Ratio 58.06±9.41 58.10±6.86 0.923 Flexion/extension 240°/sec Dominant side Ratio 58.43±14.44 62.38±6.49 0.773 Non-dominant side Ratio 61.45±8.32 67.42±5.99 0.083 * Mann-Whitney U Testi Results: We thought that imbalance of muscle strength in the wrist may have occurred because of the use of a WC and requiring the intensive wrist flexors in playing sports. In both groups wrist ekstansor muscles were found to be weaker than wrist flexors and flexor/extensor ratio was found to be imbalance. We believe that all athletes using WC such as WC table tennis and WC basketball players have a strenght imbalance in the muscle of the wrist and as a result, this situation will increase the possibility of injury. Therefore, our study showed that weakness of wrist extensors and imbalance of muscle stenght should be taken into account in WC athletes in athletic training and exercise programs.