Bom Park

Dietary Foeniculum vulgare Mill extract attenuated UVB irradiation-induced skin photoaging by activating of Nrf2 and inhibiting MAPK pathways

BACKGROUND Foeniculum vulgare Mill (FV) has long been prescribed in traditional medicine due to its antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties. However, little research has been done on the use of FV to alleviate changes in UVB-induced photoaging PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the photoprotective effects and mechanism of FV in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The anti-photoaging effect of FV was assessed in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) in vitro. The secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), GSH, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), procollagen type I, IL-6 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were measured by kits. Additionally, the level of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), p-ERK and p38 were evaluated by western blotting. In vivo, H&E and Massons trichrome staining were employed. The expression of MMP-1, procollagen type I, TGF-β1 and elastin were measured by western blot. RESULTS FV significantly increased the production of collagen, elastin and TGF-β1 levels, while blocked matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) production in UVB irradiation induced hairless mice, which were consistent with the result in NHDFs. Furthermore, FV dose-dependently decreased the production of ROS and LDH by promoting the nuclear amount of Nrf2 and enhancing the expression of cytoprotective antioxidants such as GSH. FV also significantly quenched UVB-induced phosphorylation of ERK and p38 in NHDFs. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that FV is a potential botanical agent for the treatment of skin damage induced by UV irradiation.

Methanol Extract of Bitter Melon Alleviates UVB‐Induced MMPs Expression via MAP Kinase and AP‐1 Signaling in Human Dermal Fibroblasts in vitro

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation leads to photo‐damage of the skin, which in turn induces expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and reduces type I procollagen. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) has been widely used as a traditional medicine. In this study, we tested the photo‐protective effects of methanol extracts of bitter melon pulp (BM) and the mechanism of these effects in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). The effects of BM were investigated by measuring the levels of MMP‐1, ‐3 and ‐9, and type I procollagen following UVB irradiation. We found that BM alleviates UVB‐induced MMP‐1, ‐3 and ‐9 expression at 100 µg/mL (down to 52.0%, 73.5%, and 55.6%, respectively). However, cells treated with 100 µg/mL BM had weakly stimulated type I procollagen expression (up to 130.0%). Moreover, treatment with BM significantly reduced UVB‐induced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 phosphorylation, which resulted in decreasing UVB‐induced phosphorylation of c‐Fos and c‐Jun. Therefore, our results suggest that BM is a potential agent for regulating skin photoaging. Copyright

Myrcene, an Aromatic Volatile Compound, Ameliorates Human Skin Extrinsic Aging via Regulation of MMPs Production

Myrcene is an aromatic volatile compound that is commercially well-known as a flavor ingredient in the food industry and a fragrance in the soap and detergent industry. Given the worldwide interest in natural antiphotoaging products, we investigated the protective effects of myrcene in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). NHDFs were subjected to 144[Formula: see text]mJ/cm2of UVB irradiation. The expression of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-3, interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor (TGF-[Formula: see text]1) and type I procollagen were examined. We showed that myrcene decreased the production of ROS, MMP-1, MMP-3, and IL-6, and increased TGF-[Formula: see text]1 and type I procollagen secretions. Furthermore, myrcene treatment (0.1-10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M) dramatically reduced the activation of MAPK-related signaling molecules such as p-ERK, p-p38, and p-JNK and AP-1 including p-c-Jun and p-c-Fos. Our data indicate that myrcene has a potential protective effect on UVB-induced human skin photoaging. Therefore, myrcene might have applications in the skincare industry.

Protective effect of dietary Alchemilla mollis on UVB-irradiated premature skin aging through regulation of transcription factor NFATc1 and Nrf2/ARE pathways

BACKGROUND Alchemilla mollis (ladys mantle) is a common ingredient in skin care products. However, the protective mechanism of A. mollis against skin problems has not been elucidated. PURPOSE This study was to investigate the effects of A. mollis ethanolic extract (AM) on UVB-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and hairless mice. METHODS The in vitro anti-photoaging effect of AM was performed in NHDFs. The antioxidant activities were assessed through DPPH, ABTS, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), IL-6, procollagen type I, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were measured by kits. The protein levels of p-c-Jun, p-c-Fos, Nrf2, NQO-1, HO-1, nuclear NFATc1 and cytosolic p-NFATc1 were evaluated by western blotting. In in vivo, H&E and Massons trichrome staining were carried out. Skin texture was analyzed using the roughness parameters. The expression of MMP-1, procollagen type I, TGF-β1 and elastin were measured by western blot. RESULTS AM included gallic acid as an active constituent. AM exhibited a strong antioxidant effect by inhibiting DPPH and ABTS free radicals, as well as ROS production. It was also found to upregulate transforming growth factor β1, type I procollagen and elastin expression, and to downregulate matrix metalloproteinase-1 and interleukin-6 expression in AM-treated NHDFs under UVB irradiation. These effects were attributed to AP-1 and Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways. Significantly, it was demonstrated that AM regulated the UVB-induced NFATc1 dephosphorylation in nucleus. Based on dietary data, AM was effective for the prevention of wrinkle formation, skin thickening, water loss, and erythema in UVB-exposed mouse skin. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that A. mollis provides protection from UVB exposure in both hairless mice skin in vivo and NHDFs in vitro. AM might therefore be useful as a cosmetic material and functional food for the prevention of UVB-induced human skin photoaging.

Borago officinalis L. attenuates UVB-induced skin photodamage via regulation of AP-1 and Nrf2/ARE pathway in normal human dermal fibroblasts and promotion of collagen synthesis in hairless mice

ABSTRACT Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation is regarded as the main cause of skin photodamage. After exposure to UVB irradiation, collagen degradation is accelerated by upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and collagen synthesis is decreased via downregulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐&bgr;1 signaling. Borago officinalis L. (BO) is an annual herb with medicinal and culinary applications. Although BO has been demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities, its potential anti‐photoaging effects have not been examined. In this study, we examined the protective effects of BO against skin photodamage in UVB‐exposed normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) in vitro and hairless mice in vivo. BO downregulated the expression of MMP‐1, MMP‐3, and IL‐6, and enhanced TGF‐&bgr;1 by modulating activator protein (AP‐1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) signaling in UVB‐irradiated NHDFs. We also found that dietary BO reduced wrinkle formation, epidermal thickness, and erythema in UVB‐exposed skin. Moreover, skin hydration and collagen synthesis were improved by dietary BO treatment. Our results demonstrate that BO can be used in functional foods, cosmetic products, and medicines for prevention and treatment of UVB‐induced skin photodamage. HIGHLIGHTSUVB irradiation caused severe photodamage to skin.BO reduced the production of ROS, MMPs, and IL‐6, and increased TGF‐&bgr;1 secretion.Dietary BO promoted collagen synthesis in UVB‐exposed hairless mice.BO may be a useful material in preventing skin photodamage.

Ginsenoside C-Mx Isolated from Notoginseng Stem-leaf Ginsenosides Attenuates Ultraviolet B-mediated Photoaging in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Notoginseng is a traditional herbal medicine widely used for medicinal therapy in Asia, as it contains numerous ginsenosides with pharmacological effects. In this study, we submitted Notoginseng stem‐leaf (NGL) ginsenosides to an enzyme to create a reaction with the monomer products of ginsenoside C‐Mx and then investigated the ability of ginsenoside C‐Mx to protect the skin against ultraviolet B‐induced injury in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Ginsenoside C‐Mx alleviated UVB‐induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), MMP‐1 and IL‐6 expression while accelerating TGF‐β and procollagen type I secretion. In addition, ginsenoside C‐Mx reversed UVB‐induced procollagen type I reduction by regulating the TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway. Moreover, ginsenoside C‐Mx inhibited activation of AP‐1 transcription factor, an inducer of MMPs. Ginsenoside C‐Mx displayed an outstanding antioxidant capacity, increasing expression of cytoprotective antioxidants such as HO‐1 and NQO‐1 expression by enhancing the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. Interestingly, application of ginsenoside C‐Mx treatment (1, 10, 20 μm) significantly diminished UVB‐induced suppressed NF‐κB expression, decreasing the over‐released inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our findings indicated that ginsenoside C‐Mx may act as a promising natural cosmetic ingredient for prevention and treatment of UVB‐induced skin damage.