Eunson Hwang

Vigna angularis Water Extracts Protect Against Ultraviolet B-Exposed Skin Aging In Vitro and In Vivo

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces various pathological changes, such as thickened skin and wrinkle formation. In particular, UVB irradiation increases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 production and collagen degradation, leading to premature aging, termed photoaging. The azuki bean (Vigna angularis; VA) has been widely used as a food product as well as a traditional medicine. However, its activity needs additional study to confirm its functional application in foods and cosmetics for protecting skin. In this study, hot-water extract from VA (VAE) and its active component, rutin, were investigated to determine their antiphotoaging effects. VAE was found to have antioxidant activity. In UVB-exposed normal human dermal fibroblasts cells with VAE and rutin treatments, MMP-1 production was significantly suppressed (90% and 47%, respectively). The effects of both topical and oral administration of VAE were tested in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. VAE suppressed wrinkle formation and skin thickness by promoting elastin, procollagen type I, and TGF-β1 expression (118%, 156%, and 136%, respectively) and by diminishing MMP-1 production. These results suggest that VAE may be effective for preventing skin photoaging accelerated by UVB radiation.

Enzyme-processed Korean Red Ginseng extracts protects against skin damage induced by UVB irradiation in hairless mice

UV irradiation is the main factor contributing to skin damages that are associated with an excessive production of matrix-degrading metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and a deficient expression of collagens. To date, red ginseng has been revealed to possess many biomedical effects, such as anti-aging, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammatory. In this study, we prepared the Korean Red Ginseng extracts treated with enzyme (KRGE) and investigated the effects of dietary KRGE on the formation of wrinkles generated by UVB irradiation in hairless mice. It was found that KRGE inhibited the UVB-induced formation of wrinkles, epidermal thickness, and skin dryness in hairless mice. Further results also showed that KRGE attenuated UVB-induced MMP-1 level, while accelerated procollagen type I, transforming growth factor-β1 secretion. Interestingly, the expression of profilaggrin and filaggrin in both the epidermis and dermis were decreased due to UVB exposure and reversed by KRGE. The KRGE 0.06% was prior to KRGE 0.24%. In view of these results, which indicated that KRGE protected skin from UVB-induced photodamages, which may not only mediated by regulating of MMP-1 and procollagen type I, but also by increasing the production of profilaggrin and filaggrin. In conclusion, our results suggest that KRGE may be a promising agent for the treatment of skin photodamages. The challenge of KRGE will be expected as cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals in order to intervene in aging-related degenerative skin changes.

Angelica archangelia Prevented Collagen Degradation by Blocking Production of Matrix Metalloproteinases in UVB‐exposed Dermal Fibroblasts

Angelica archangelia (AA), a traditional herb, has attracted attention as an agent with potential for use in the prevention of chronic skin diseases. This study examined the photoprotective effects of AA on the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and collagen degradation in UVB‐irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts. Our results showed that AA markedly blocked collagen degradation by restraining the production of MMPs in UVB‐exposed fibroblasts. We also investigated the underlying mechanism behind the effects of AA. AA attenuated UVB‐triggered interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and promoted the expression of transforming growth factor β1. Application of AA extract (10, 100 μg mL−1) significantly diminished UVB‐induced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and Jun‐N‐terminal kinase phosphorylation, which consequently reduced phosphorylated c‐Fos and c‐Jun. Our results indicated that AA inhibited the UVB‐induced expression of MMPs by inhibiting mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathways and activator protein‐1 activation. Our results suggest that AA is a promising botanical agent for use against skin photoaging.

Topical application of neem leaves prevents wrinkles formation in UVB-exposed hairless mice

Abstract Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem) has been used in India for the treatment of skin problems for centuries. However, no skin photoaging-related research has been performed with this agent. In the present study, neem leaf extract at 1, 10, and 50xa0μg/mL was investigated for its skin anti-aging effects in UVB-irradiated NHDFs and hairless mice. Regulation of molecular signaling pathways by neem leaf extract during UVB exposure was investigated in both in vitro and in vivo models. UVB-irradiated skin model treated with neem leaf extract showed increased type I procollagen and elastin as a result of enhanced synthesis via two pathways. Firstly, transforming growth factor TGF-β1 is up-regulated. Secondly, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), transcription activator AP-1 protein expression, and MAPK are down-regulated. The down-regulation of signaling molecules caused the suppression of type I procollagen degrading enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinase-1 and type I procollagen synthesis inhibitor such as interleukin-6. In particular, topical application of neem leaf to UVB-irradiated hairless mice was shown to be very effective in treating the symptoms of skin aging such as wrinkles, thickening, water loss, and erythema. Therefore, our results indicated that neem leaf ethanolic extract is a promising anti-aging candidate for topical therapy products.

Eucalyptus globulus extract protects against UVB-induced photoaging by enhancing collagen synthesis via regulation of TGF-β/Smad signals and attenuation of AP-1

UV irradiation triggers the overproduction of matrix metalloproteinases and collagen degradation, which in turn causes increased pigmentation, dryness, and deep wrinkling of the skin. These chronic symptoms are collectively referred to as photoaging. Eucalyptus globulus is an evergreen tree that is widely used in cosmetics because of its antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of 50% ethanol extracts of Eucalyptus globulus on UV-induced photoaging in vitro and in vivo. Normal human dermal fibroblasts were treated with Eucalyptus globulus at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100xa0μg/mL after UVB or non-UVB irradiation. We found that Eucalyptus globulus suppressed the expression of MMPs and IL-6, but increased the expression of TGF-β1 and procollagen type 1. In addition, Eucalyptus globulus inhibited activation of the AP-1 transcription factor, an inducer of MMPs. Eucalyptus globulus was also found to regulate TGF-β/Smad signaling by reversing the activity of negative Smad regulators. Lastly, in vivo studies showed that topical application of Eucalyptus globulus on UVB-irradiated hairless mice reduced wrinkle formation and dryness by down-regulating MMP-1 and up-regulating expression of elastin, TGF-β1, and procollagen type 1. Taken together, these data suggest that Eucalyptus globulus may be a useful agent in cosmetic products.

Myrcene, an Aromatic Volatile Compound, Ameliorates Human Skin Extrinsic Aging via Regulation of MMPs Production

Myrcene is an aromatic volatile compound that is commercially well-known as a flavor ingredient in the food industry and a fragrance in the soap and detergent industry. Given the worldwide interest in natural antiphotoaging products, we investigated the protective effects of myrcene in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). NHDFs were subjected to 144[Formula: see text]mJ/cm2of UVB irradiation. The expression of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-3, interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor (TGF-[Formula: see text]1) and type I procollagen were examined. We showed that myrcene decreased the production of ROS, MMP-1, MMP-3, and IL-6, and increased TGF-[Formula: see text]1 and type I procollagen secretions. Furthermore, myrcene treatment (0.1-10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M) dramatically reduced the activation of MAPK-related signaling molecules such as p-ERK, p-p38, and p-JNK and AP-1 including p-c-Jun and p-c-Fos. Our data indicate that myrcene has a potential protective effect on UVB-induced human skin photoaging. Therefore, myrcene might have applications in the skincare industry.

Protective effect of dietary Alchemilla mollis on UVB-irradiated premature skin aging through regulation of transcription factor NFATc1 and Nrf2/ARE pathways

BACKGROUNDnAlchemilla mollis (ladys mantle) is a common ingredient in skin care products. However, the protective mechanism of A. mollis against skin problems has not been elucidated.nnnPURPOSEnThis study was to investigate the effects of A. mollis ethanolic extract (AM) on UVB-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and hairless mice.nnnMETHODSnThe in vitro anti-photoaging effect of AM was performed in NHDFs. The antioxidant activities were assessed through DPPH, ABTS, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), IL-6, procollagen type I, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were measured by kits. The protein levels of p-c-Jun, p-c-Fos, Nrf2, NQO-1, HO-1, nuclear NFATc1 and cytosolic p-NFATc1 were evaluated by western blotting. In in vivo, H&E and Massons trichrome staining were carried out. Skin texture was analyzed using the roughness parameters. The expression of MMP-1, procollagen type I, TGF-β1 and elastin were measured by western blot.nnnRESULTSnAM included gallic acid as an active constituent. AM exhibited a strong antioxidant effect by inhibiting DPPH and ABTS free radicals, as well as ROS production. It was also found to upregulate transforming growth factor β1, type I procollagen and elastin expression, and to downregulate matrix metalloproteinase-1 and interleukin-6 expression in AM-treated NHDFs under UVB irradiation. These effects were attributed to AP-1 and Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways. Significantly, it was demonstrated that AM regulated the UVB-induced NFATc1 dephosphorylation in nucleus. Based on dietary data, AM was effective for the prevention of wrinkle formation, skin thickening, water loss, and erythema in UVB-exposed mouse skin.nnnCONCLUSIONnOur data indicate that A. mollis provides protection from UVB exposure in both hairless mice skin in vivo and NHDFs in vitro. AM might therefore be useful as a cosmetic material and functional food for the prevention of UVB-induced human skin photoaging.

Ginsenoside C-Mx Isolated from Notoginseng Stem-leaf Ginsenosides Attenuates Ultraviolet B-mediated Photoaging in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Notoginseng is a traditional herbal medicine widely used for medicinal therapy in Asia, as it contains numerous ginsenosides with pharmacological effects. In this study, we submitted Notoginseng stem‐leaf (NGL) ginsenosides to an enzyme to create a reaction with the monomer products of ginsenoside C‐Mx and then investigated the ability of ginsenoside C‐Mx to protect the skin against ultraviolet B‐induced injury in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Ginsenoside C‐Mx alleviated UVB‐induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), MMP‐1 and IL‐6 expression while accelerating TGF‐β and procollagen type I secretion. In addition, ginsenoside C‐Mx reversed UVB‐induced procollagen type I reduction by regulating the TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway. Moreover, ginsenoside C‐Mx inhibited activation of AP‐1 transcription factor, an inducer of MMPs. Ginsenoside C‐Mx displayed an outstanding antioxidant capacity, increasing expression of cytoprotective antioxidants such as HO‐1 and NQO‐1 expression by enhancing the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. Interestingly, application of ginsenoside C‐Mx treatment (1, 10, 20 μm) significantly diminished UVB‐induced suppressed NF‐κB expression, decreasing the over‐released inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our findings indicated that ginsenoside C‐Mx may act as a promising natural cosmetic ingredient for prevention and treatment of UVB‐induced skin damage.

Ribes nigrum L. Prevents UVB-mediated Photoaging in Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Potential Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Activity

Black currants (Ribes nigrum L, RN) are known as a “super fruit” to possess for their many potential health benefits such as the alleviation of oxidative stress‐related disorders. However, little skin photoaging‐related research has been done on the use of this agent. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of RN in UVB‐irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). RN treatment in UVB‐irradiated skin models alleviated UVB‐mediated photoaging through several mechanisms: Treatment with RN downregulated MAPK‐related signaling models, such as those of activation protein 1 (AP‐1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB). In addition, phase II gene heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) was modulated by the increase in nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the nuclear, and finally, transforming growth factor TGF‐β was upregulated in vitro. Further study indicated that UVB‐induced production of MMP‐1 and IL‐6 could be inhibited by PD 98059 (an inhibitor of ERK) and SP600125 (an inhibitor of JNK). Thus, RN improved the expression of type I procollagen and inhibited UVB‐induced MMP‐1 and IL‐6 secretion through inactivating MAPK cascades. Therefore, RN is a suitable target for further investigation as an antiphotoaging agent and may have applications in the skincare industry.

Rubus idaeus L. (red raspberry) blocks UVB-induced MMP production and promotes type I procollagen synthesis via inhibition of MAPK/AP-1, NF-κβ and stimulation of TGF-β/Smad, Nrf2 in normal human dermal fibroblasts

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes photo-oxidation, which in turn results in the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and loss of collagen. Rubus idaeus L. (RI), also called red raspberry, is an important cash crop that contains abundant antioxidant compounds. Sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C are the major ingredients presented in the extracts. Here, we studied the protective effect of RI on UVB-induced photoaging in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). We found that RI notably reduced UVB-induced MMPs secretion and pro-inflammatory mediators production, and significantly suppressed UVB-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κβ, as well as activator protein 1. Additionally, treatment of NHDFs with the ERK inhibitor (PD98059) and JNK inhibitor (SP600125) resulted in the reduction of UVB-induced MMP-1 and IL-6 expressions, which demonstrated that the inhibition of MMP-1 and IL-6 by RI is associated with the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, we also found that RI accelerated procollagen type I synthesis by activating the transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway and enhanced the expression of cytoprotective antioxidants such as heme oxygenase-1 and NHD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 by promoting nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 nuclear transfer. Overall, these findings demonstrated that RI was potentially effective in preventing UVB induced skin photoaging.