Byung Jo Chae

Effects of dietary supplementation with antimicrobial peptide‐P5 on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, faecal and intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology of weanling pigs

BACKGROUND The increase in drug-resistant bacteria and the ban on antibiotic growth promoters worldwide make the search for novel means of preventing bacterial infection and promoting growth performance imperative. In this sense, antimicrobial peptides are thought to be ideal candidates owing to their antimicrobial properties, broad spectrum of activity and low propensity for development of bacterial resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with antimicrobial peptide-P5 (AMP-P5) on weanling pig nutrition. RESULTS A total of 240 weanling pigs were allotted to four treatments on the basis of initial body weight. There were four replicates in each treatment, with 15 pigs per replicate. Dietary treatments were negative control (NC, basal diet without antimicrobial), positive control (PC, basal diet + 1.5 g kg(-1) apramycin), basal diet with 40 mg kg(-1) AMP-P5 (P5-40) and basal diet with 60 mg kg(-1) AMP-P5 (P5-60). Pigs fed the PC or P5-60 diet showed improved (P < 0.05) overall growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy and reduced (P < 0.05) faecal and intestinal coliforms compared with pigs fed the NC diet. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study indicate that dietary supplementation with 60 mg kg(-1) AMP-P5 has the potential to improve the growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients and reduce coliforms in weanling pigs.

Effects of Dietary Iron Levels on Growth Performance, Hematological Status, Liver Mineral Concentration, Fecal Microflora, and Diarrhea Incidence in Weanling Pigs

An experiment was conducted in weanling pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) to evaluate the effects of dietary iron levels on growth performance, hematological status, liver mineral concentration, fecal microflora, and diarrhea incidence. One hundred and forty-four piglets (initial BW 5.96 ± 0.93kg) were randomly allotted to one of the four dietary treatments on the basis of their body weights. The basal diets for each phase (phase 1: days0 to 14; phase 2: days15 to 28) were formulated to contain minimal Fe and then supplemented with gradient levels of Fe (0, 50, 100, and 250mg/kg) from ferrous sulfate. Feces were collected on days14 and 28 and used for the analysis of microbial count and trace minerals. Eight piglets from each treatment (two piglets per pen) were bled at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28days to determine their hematological and plasma Fe status. In addition, two piglets from each pen (eight piglets per treatment) were killed at days14 and 28 to determine liver mineral concentrations. Pigs fed supplemental 250ppm Fe showed lowest overall average daily gain (linear, p = 0.036). Diarrhea incidence was linearly increased (p < 0.001) with supplemental Fe level. On days14, coliform population in normal feces was increased (p = 0.036) linearly with supplemental Fe level, and there were higher (p = 0.043) coliform population and lower (p < 0.001) Bifidobacterium spp. in the diarrhea feces. Supplemental Fe linearly (p < 0.05) improved the total red blood cells, hemoglobin, plasma, and liver (p = 0.109) Fe status of pigs and also increased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.001) the fecal excretion of Fe on days14 and 28. It is concluded that increasing the dietary iron levels in piglets improved their hematological status and liver Fe content; however, higher dietary Fe levels might also be associated with the increased diarrhea incidence.

Effect of lecithin with or without chitooligosaccharide on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and pork quality of finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary lecithin with or without chitooligosaccharide (COS) on the performance, blood metabolites, pork cholesterol, fatty acid composition and quality of finishing pigs. In exp. 1, 36 pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, 84.5 ± 0.60 kg initial body weight) were fed lecithin at 0, 2.5 or 5.0% of the diet. Lecithin improved average daily gain (16%) and feed conversion ratio, and did not affect apparent nutrient digestibility. On day 28, lecithin decreased serum total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (34 and 77%, P = 0.016), and increased serum triglyceride (P = 0.048). Lecithin did not affect carcass characteristics and pork quality, but increased myristic and α-linolenic acid and reduced palmitoleic acid in pork. Experiment 2 involved 108 pigs (85.0 ± 0.76 kg initial body weight) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, wherein two levels of lecithin (low, 2.5 and high, 5.0%) and COS (0.0 and 0.1%) were used. Addition of COS in di...

Effects of dietary energy levels and β-mannanase supplementation in a high mannan-based diet during lactation on reproductive performance, apparent total tract digestibility and milk composition in multiparous sows

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of β-mannanase and energy level on reproductive performance of multiparous sows during lactation. In Exp. 1, 30 multiparous sows were randomly allotted to three treatments (0400 and 800 units β-mannanase). In Exp. 2, 60 multiparous sows were fed diets containing 3250 or 3350 kcal ME/kg diet and 0 or 400 units of β-mannanase in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. A linear reduction in sow body weight (BW) loss during lactation was observed with increasing levels of β-mannanase. The BW change during lactation was significantly lower in sows fed high-energy diets or dietary β-mannanase. β-mannanase supplementation increased the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and mannose. Diets supplemented with β-mannanase or high-energy diet increased milk fat level. Furthermore, high-energy diet increased lactose level in milk. Collectively, our data indicate that dietary inclusion of β-mannanase has the potential to improve digestibility of nutrients and reduce sow BW loss during lactation.

WITHDRAWN: Evaluating the association between body weight and the intestinal microbiota of weaned piglets via 16S rRNA sequencing

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Effects of citrus pulp, fish by-product and Bacillus subtilis fermentation biomass on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microflora of weanling pigs.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with citrus pulp, fish by-product, and Bacillus subtilis fermentation biomass on the growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and fecal microflora of weanling pigs. A total of 180 weaned piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) were randomly allotted to three treatments on the basis of body weight (BW). There were six replicate pens in each treatment with 10 piglets per pen. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 2.5, and 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass. The isocaloric and isoproteineous experimental diets were fed in mash form in two phases (d 0 ~ 14, phase I and d 15 ~ 28, phase II). Dietary treatments had significant linear effects on gain to feed ratio (G:F) in all periods, whereas significant linear effects on ATTD of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and ash were only observed in phase I. Piglets fed diet supplemented with 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass showed greater (p < 0.05) G:F (phase I, phase II, and overall) as well as ATTD of DM, GE, and ash (phase I) than pigs fed control diet. Dietary treatments also had significant linear effects on total anaerobic bacteria populations by d 14 and 28. In addition, piglets fed diet supplemented with 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product and B. subtilis fermentation biomass showed greater (p < 0.05) fecal total anaerobic bacteria populations (d 14 and 28) than pigs fed control diet. Dietary treatments had no significant effects (linear or quadratic) on average daily gain (ADG), average dial feed intake (ADFI; phase I, phase II, and overall), or fecal populations of Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., and coliforms (d 14 and 28). These results indicate that dietary supplementation with 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass has the potential to improve the feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microflora of weanling pigs.

Isolation and Characterization of an Extracellular Antimicrobial Protein from Aspergillus oryzae

A 17 kDa antimicrobial protein was isolated from growth medium containing the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae by extracting the supernatants from the culture media, ion exchange chromatography on CM-sepharose, and C18 reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. This antimicrobial protein, which we considered to be an extracellular antimicrobial protein from A. oryzae (exAP-AO17), possessed antimicrobial activity but lacked hemolytic activity. The exAP-AO17 protein strongly inhibited pathogenic microbial strains, including pathogenic fungi, Fusarium moniliform var. subglutinans and Colletotrichum coccodes, and showed antibacterial activity against bacteria, including E. coli O157 and Staphylococcus aureus. To confirm that the protein acts as a regulation factor for extracellular secretion, we examined growth under varying conditions of N sources, C sources, ions, ambient pH, and stress. Various culture conditions were found to induce characteristic changes in the expression of protein synthesis as analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Highly basic polypeptides were regulated by suppressing the ambient pH under acidic conditions and strongly induced under alkaline conditions, thus confirming that pH regulation is physiologically relevant. The expression of exAP-AO17 was upregulated by heat shock upon growth in the presence of NaCl. Automated Edman degradation showed that the N-terminal sequence of exAP-AO17 was NH 2-GLPGPAGAVGFAGKDQNM-. ExAP-AO17 showed partial sequence homology with a collagen belonging to the animal source. These results suggest that exAP-AO17 is an excellent candidate as a lead compound for the development of novel oral or other types of anti-infective agents.

Influence of the N- and C-Terminal Regions of Leu-Lys Rich Antimicrobial Peptide on Antimicrobial Activity

P5 (KWKKLLKKPLLKKLLKKL-NH(2)) is an antibacterial 18-mer Leu-Lys rich peptide from CA (1-8)-MA (1-12) hybrid peptide (CA-MA). Here we show that decreasing the net hydrophobicity and charge of CA-MA by deleting Leu- or Lys- of the N- or C-terminal regions of P5 (P10 or P11). The antimicrobial activity of the peptides was measured by their growth inhibitory effect upon S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium, E. coli, T. beigelii and C. albicans. Antimicrobial activity required a full length C-terminus. Confocal microscopy showed that P11 was located in the plasma membrane. In this study, P11, K(3)K(4)L(5)L(6)-deleted peptide, acted independent on the ionic environment. Furthermore, P11 causes significant morphological alterations of the fungal surfaces as shown by scanning electron microscopy.

Impacts of wet feeding of diets on growth and carcass traits in pigs.

Abstract Chae, B.J. 2000. Impacts of wet feeding of diets on growth and carcass traits in pigs. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 17: 81–96. Wet feeding includes dry and wet, paste and liquid feeding. Dry and wet feeding uses a feeder, called a single space wet/dry feeder (SSWD), where feed and water are available in the same feeder. With modem SSWD feeders, growth rates were increased with meal and pelleted diets. The improvement of growth rate is largely related to the increase in voluntary feed intake and feed wastage is reduced, thus improving feed efficiency. To overcome postweaning lag from poor water and solid feed intake, liquid feeding with milk replacer has received great attention due to increased feed intake, improved growth rate and reduced mortality especially for early-weaned or light weight weaning piglets. For market pigs, liquid feeding showed some advantages in terms of feed intake and growth rate. Growth performance of piglets can be affected by the ambient temperature and weaning weight by liquid feeding of milk replacer. The dilution ratio of water to meal might be important in growing-finishing pigs. Carcass traits in terms of carcass percentage and backfat thickness are not affected by liquid feeding in modem genotype pigs.

Effect of Garlic Extract Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Composition in Broilers

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of garlic extract (GE) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and meat composition in broilers. Dietary treatment were control (corn-soy based diet, 0 ppm), and diets added with 100 or 200 ppm GE. Starter and finisher diets were fed from 0 to 3 wk and 4 to 5 wk, respectively. Supplementation of GE had no effect on weight gain, but there was trend towards improvement in growth rate in birds fed diets containing 100 ppm GE during overall period, while birds fed 100 ppm GE had better feed efficiency (p<0.05) than birds fed control diet during finisher period. Birds fed GE had greater (p<0.05) nutrient digestibility of dry matter than birds fed control diet. The TBARS values of breast muscle obtained from birds fed 100 and 200 ppm GE were lower than breast muscle of control birds on day 8 and 12 of storage. The breast muscle of birds fed 200 ppm GE had higher (p<0.05) L * values than breast muscle of birds fed control and 100 ppm GE diets. The carcass characteristics, meat and bone composition, CIE a * and b * values