C. Ciubotariu

Massive gravitons in general relativity

In the framework of a generalisation of linear gravitation to the case when the gravitons have nonzero rest mass, we obtain a result analogous to that obtained by Regge and Wheeler, that is, the energy of the gravitational waves is trapped in the ‘material’ (interior) metric of the curved space–time. We show that the concept of a nonzero rest mass graviton may be defined in two ways: (i) phenomenologically, by introducing of a mass term in the linear Lagrangian density, as in Proca electrodynamics, and (ii) self-consistently, by solving Einstein’s equations in the conformally flat case. We find that the rest mass of the graviton may be given in terms of the three fundamental constants (gravitational, Planck, and light velocity constants) and it is a function of the density of cosmic matter.

On El Naschie's complex time and gravitation

Abstract El Naschie proposed in Chaos, Solitons & Fractals , 5 , 1551–1555, 1995 [1], a complex time measure and demonstrated in this connection that massless particles may, under such conditions, achieve an infinite velocity whilst adhering to all prerequisites of the special theory of relativity. The aim of the present paper is to generalize this result in the presence of a relativistic gravitational field. The method is based on Einsteins equivalence principle whereby the action of a gravitational field on a test particle is locally compensated by a suitable choice of the acceleration of the particle.

Complexity in Spacetime and Gravitation i. FromChaos to Superchaosfn2

Abstract We intend to show in this paper that the two fundamental concepts of the GrandUnification and the Chaos Theory are essential constituent elements of a theory of everythingand appertain, in fact, to the overall domain of complexity in space, time and gravitation. Theauthors hope that the present paper may offer suggestions for the necessary methodology in theanalysis of complex problems. Following a short review of the main concepts describingconventional complexity, we introduce as an example of a possible development in standardparadigms, a new type of Rayleigh–Benard instability which maybe generated in the interior of a gravitating body and may be the cause of earthquakephenomena. We define the new terminologies of constructive and destructiveresonances in relation to the stability of the solar system. We attempt to find a physicalargument in support of the invariant character of a gravitational chaos. Within the frame of aRiemannian spacetime we obtain also a mathematical formulation of El Naschies conjecture: gravity is caused by an average deviation of fractal time from linear uniform time . Westudy also in some detail the physics of black holes because black holes offer perfect laboratoriesfor all manifestations of complexities and simplicities. We stress that singularities as well aschaos demonstrate an invariant character. Even the Schwarzschild radius, which was initiallyconsidered to be merely a coordinate singularity, is found to retain or deepen its physicalsignificance by diffeomorphisms. Symmetry principles in particle physics and continuousattempts to find a fundamental and unique constituent (strings, p-branes, etc.) of matter arereviewed and their link with complexity, dimensionality of spacetime and chaos is indicated.Particular attention is paid to spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism in thecontext of a cascade of concepts: classical lattice gas, Ising model, order–disorder transition,inflationary scenario, and the universe as a lattice. This cascade tends to confirm the universalityof the lattice structure of the universe. In the final section of this first part of the paper wepropose a novel multi-spherical cosmic fractal as a model of homogeneous andisotropic cosmologies. If chaos is generated at the level of a background-arena in spacetime, thenadditional chaotic manifestations generated in this arena represent chaos on a higher level orscale. The suggestion is offered that a chaos on a higher level called superchaos interlaces withchaotic effects at different lower levels. The two other prospective parts of the paper will refer tothe subjects: Part 2. Chaoticity of Anisotropic Cosmologies. Part 3. Elementary Particles, DarkMatter and Information Aspects in Relativity.

Chaos in dissipative relativistic standard maps

Abstract The relativistic generalization of the dissipative standard map is introduced, based on the problem of acceleration and heating (or cooling) of charged particles in the electric field of an electromagnetic wave packet. The question arises as to how the relativistic effects change the nonlinear dynamics described by a dissipative standard map. It is shown that the dissipation modifies the positions of the fixed points, but the origin (the central point) remains identical with that of the corresponding Hamiltonian system. However, the phase-space structure around the origin is drastically modified even if a small dissipation is present. The formation of an “ordered” stochastic structure which is not washed out (in the stochastic sea) for longer times shows that the phase mixing is weak and the nonuniformity of the stochastic acceleration increases because of the dissipation. A new type of stochastic attractor of a higher order is found by numerical simulations. In the context of a scaling-law hypothesis (or renormalization group approach), the transition stochastic sea (high acceleration of relativistic particles)–stochastic attractor (low acceleration) is similar to a Bose–Einstein condensation (or, simply, a condensation gas–liquid) at low temperatures, the dissipative parameter being the control parameter for such a transition. The dissipation parameter can also be considered as a time (aging) parameter of the system, and this may have some applications in biological systems. A Frenkel–Kontorova model of the dissipative relativistic standard map (DRSM) and possible applications to “incommensurate fractals” and lattice dynamics of thermoelectric materials are also considered.

A NEW PHYSICAL EFFECT MODELED BY AN IKEDA MAP DEPENDING ON A MONOTONICALLY TIME-VARYING PARAMETER

In this paper we study the dynamics of a charged particle in a constant external magnetic field and the field due to a polarized electromagnetic wave. We observe a new phenomenon, the chaotic gun effect, which appears in the case of a sufficiently large amplitude of the wave. We show that the longitudinal component of the momentum undergoes oscillations with a chaotic modulation of the amplitude which increases suddenly to a value which remains constant between two consecutive phase Larmor circles. The novel effect may be modeled by a time-regressive system associated with an Ikeda map depending on a monotonically time-varying parameter.

A Chaotic-Stochastic Model of an Atom

The idea that a ‘magnetized’ charged particle in interaction with ‘resonant’ photons operates from an energy level to another higher one by a stochastic acceleration effect suggests that such effects may represent a phenomenological physical mechanism which explains how an electron jumps to higher atomic orbits when it absorbs resonant photons. If we increase the number of iterations of the corresponding nonlinear system of equations, we obtain a Bohr image of an atom. Such (quantum-transition) jumps, their duration and physical mechanism have never been explained by the quantum theory of atoms. We thus offer through such a cascade of chaotic kicked (stochastic acceleration) effects a physical explanation of the quantum model of absorption of energy by an atom. The proposed equations can model a circuit biased with a traveling electromagnetic wave. Such a circuit can also simulate a stochastic acceleration and a chaotic atom.

Progress in physical concepts of string and superstring theory—thirty years of string theory

Abstract In this paper we discuss the evolution of physical concepts which led to the generation and development of string theories. The paper is conceived with the intention of summarizing and extending with new aspects the specific characteristics of strings which refer to the physical intuition and experiment. We hope to present new insights into the physics of strings and make it understandable from the point of view of a non-string theorist. Even if there exist some opinions that the (super)string theory appertains to the twenty-first or twenty-second century or that there are no concrete new predictions of string theory at low energies, we believe that string theory presents a rich field of research and a source of physical intuition not only for mathematicians but also for theoretical and experimental physicists. We offer as an example an atomic electron cloud which can also be interpreted in terms of a fixed point in a string theory We propose also an experiment to verify the fundamental hypotheses. Finally we deduce that the number of dimensions of spacetime must be infinite by virtue of the axiom of universality of motion.

Explanation of the Motionless Electromagnetic Generator with O(3) Electrodynamics

Recently, Bearden el al. developed a device which is known as a motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG) and which produces a coefficient of performance (COP) far in excess of unity. The device has been independently replicated by Naudin. In this communication, the fundamental operational principle of the MEG is explained using a version of higher symmetry electrodynamics known as O(3) electrodynamics, which is based on the empirical existence of two circular polarization states of electromagnetic radiation, and which has been developed extensively in the literature. The theoretical explanation of the MEG with O(3) electrodynamics is straightforward: Magnetic energy is taken directly ex vacua and used to replenish the permanent magnets of the MEG device, which therefore produces a source of energy that, in theory, can be replenished indefinitely from the vacuum. Such a result is incomprehensible in U(1) Maxwell-Heaviside electrodynamics.

Self-Inconsistencies of the U(1) Theory of Electrodynamics: Michelson Interferometry

The Michelson interferogram from perfectly reflecting mirrors does not exist in the U(1) gauge theory of electrodynamics, which is therefore seriously flawed. The adoption of an O(3) internal gauge field symmetry allows these flaws to be remedied self-consistently and leads to several developments in electrodynamics, enriching the subject considerably.

Derivation of O(3) Electrodynamics from the Irreducible Representations of the Einstein Group

By considering the irreducible representations of the Einstein group (the Lie group of general relativity), Sachs [1] has shown that the electromagnetic field tensor can be developed in terms of a metric qμ, which is a set of four quaternion-valued components of four-vector. Using this method, it is shown that the electromagnetic field vanishes [1] in flat spacetime, and that electromagnetism in general is a non-Abelian field theory. In this paper the non-Abelian component of the field tensor is developed to show the presence of the B(3) field of the O(3) electrodynamics, and the basic structure of O(3) electrodynamics is shown to be a sub-structure of general relativity as developed by Sachs. The extensive empirical evidence for both theories is summarized.